With increasing globalization, states are increasingly faced with foreign interference and pressure in their domestic and foreign policies. Today, most states are “officially” sovereign and face serious pressure from other states, military blocs, political and international organizations.

With the development of globalization processes, the sphere of action of states is narrowing. In foreign policy, it is almost impossible to create interstate relations without the participation of third countries and international organizations. It is impossible to imagine a conflict between two states without the intervention of a third party. Domestic policy issues go beyond the domestic framework and are taken to the international level.

The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan is a critical document that establishes the legal and political framework of the country. Adopted on November 6, 1994, it serves as the supreme law, guiding the government’s structure, the division of powers, and the rights and freedoms of the citizens of Tajikistan. The Constitution embodies the principles of democracy, rule of law, social justice, and human rights, which are essential to the country's governance and its citizens' well-being.

Key Significance of the Constitution of Tajikistan:

1. Foundation of State Sovereignty and Independence: The Constitution officially declares Tajikistan as an independent and sovereign state, setting it apart from its past as part of the Soviet Union. This sovereignty is key to the country's identity and allows it to exercise independent domestic and foreign policy.

2. Separation of Powers: The Constitution outlines a government structure based on the principle of separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This system is intended to provide checks and balances that prevent abuse of power and ensure a fair and just governance.

3. Guarantee of Human Rights and Freedoms: Tajikistan's Constitution guarantees various civil liberties and rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to personal security. These rights are protected to promote individual dignity and provide citizens with fundamental freedoms, though challenges in the application of these rights remain.

4. Establishment of the Rule of Law: As the supreme law, the Constitution enforces the rule of law, meaning that all laws, policies, and governmental actions must align with its principles. This ensures that the government operates within legal boundaries and aims to promote fairness in its interactions with citizens.

5. Stability and Development: The Constitution provides a framework for the country’s long-term political stability and social development. By establishing norms for political participation and governance, it contributes to a stable environment, which is crucial for economic growth and social cohesion.

6. National Unity and Cultural Identity: Emphasizing Tajikistan’s unique cultural heritage, the Constitution also aims to promote national unity and respect for the country's diverse ethnic groups. This commitment to cultural identity plays a significant role in fostering national pride and unity among citizens.

7. Guidance for Amendments and Reforms: The Constitution of Tajikistan includes provisions for its own amendment, allowing it to adapt to changing political, social, and economic conditions. This adaptability is essential for the country’s growth and modernization while remaining aligned with its foundational principles.

Overall, the Constitution of Tajikistan is a vital document that not only defines the structure and functions of government but also sets the vision for the country’s future. It serves as a cornerstone for Tajikistan’s sovereignty, stability, and commitment to upholding the rights and welfare of its people.

Additional Points on the Significance of the Constitution of Tajikistan

1. Framework for Democratic Governance:

Although Tajikistan is a presidential republic, the Constitution establishes a democratic system where leaders are elected, and citizens have the right to participate in government through voting. It outlines the procedures for presidential, parliamentary, and local elections, ensuring that citizens have a voice in the government’s composition. This democratic framework, though with some limitations, plays a key role in fostering civic engagement and political participation.

2. Protection of Social and Economic Rights:

Beyond civil liberties, the Constitution recognizes and safeguards social and economic rights. These include rights to work, social security, education, and healthcare. By addressing these fundamental needs, the Constitution emphasizes the government’s responsibility to protect the well-being and prosperity of its citizens, ensuring a foundation for social stability.

3. Environmental Protection and Resource Management:

The Constitution emphasizes the protection of the natural environment, which is especially relevant for Tajikistan, given its mountainous terrain and reliance on agriculture and hydropower. Article 13 of the Constitution specifically states that natural resources are the property of the state, and their use should consider environmental sustainability. This focus on environmental stewardship aims to protect resources for future generations while addressing current needs.

4. Religious Freedom and Secularism:

Tajikistan's Constitution establishes the country as a secular state, ensuring a separation between religion and government. While it acknowledges the role of Islam and other religions in society, it prohibits the state from enforcing or endorsing any specific religion. This provision helps maintain religious tolerance and freedom, creating a framework for peaceful coexistence among various religious groups.

5. Gender Equality and Women’s Rights:

The Constitution upholds principles of gender equality, ensuring that men and women are equal before the law. It provides a legal foundation to promote women’s rights and counteract discrimination. Although challenges remain in achieving full gender equality, the constitutional commitment to this principle is crucial for promoting women's participation in social, economic, and political life.

6. Guiding Role in Legal System and Judiciary:

The Constitution serves as the cornerstone of Tajikistan’s legal system. It provides the foundation for the development of laws, codes, and regulations governing the judiciary. Judges are expected to interpret and apply laws based on the Constitution’s principles, aiming to ensure fairness and consistency in judicial rulings. The constitutional emphasis on judicial independence is crucial for upholding justice and protecting citizens' rights against potential abuses of power.

7. National Security and Territorial Integrity:

The Constitution asserts Tajikistan’s commitment to preserving its national security and territorial integrity. It emphasizes the role of the state in protecting the nation from external threats and maintaining internal order. In a region with a complex political landscape, this focus on security is vital for Tajikistan’s sovereignty and stability.

8. Foreign Policy and International Cooperation:

The Constitution allows Tajikistan to pursue a peaceful and cooperative foreign policy. It emphasizes respect for international law and treaties, which is important for the country’s diplomatic relations and its integration into the global community. Tajikistan’s Constitution also provides a legal basis for cooperation with international organizations on issues such as human rights, environmental protection, and security.

Amendments and Constitutional Reform

The Constitution of Tajikistan has undergone several amendments since its adoption. These amendments are designed to reflect the changing political, social, and economic context. For example, amendments have been made regarding presidential term limits and the role of political parties. The ability to amend the Constitution allows Tajikistan to adapt to new challenges while preserving core principles.

Conclusion

In summary, the Constitution of Tajikistan is foundational to the country’s identity, sovereignty, and governance. It provides a comprehensive legal and political framework that protects citizens’ rights, supports economic and social development, and promotes democratic values. While challenges remain in fully implementing some of its principles, the Constitution serves as a crucial guide for Tajikistan’s ongoing development as an independent and stable nation.

Thus, the process of globalization affects the sovereignty of the state in both domestic and foreign policy and causes significant changes in the development of the state. In the context of globalization, the issue of possible restrictions on state sovereignty becomes relevant for Tajikistan, which is actively involved in the process of shaping foreign policy and the national economy. In modern conditions, with the increasing influence of factors influencing politics, economics, social life and the ideology of society, the importance of independence for the preservation of language, historical memory, national identity and national culture is extremely important, and the future of the nation and the very existence of the Tajik state can only be stable under political independence.

At the same time, one of the main factors in protecting independence is understanding its significance, studying the historical path traversed by the Tajik people to achieve independence, teaching children and youth the great cultural, literary and scientific heritage of the Tajik people to form national self-knowledge and a sense of patriotism.

As the Founder of peace and national unity-Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, His Excellency Emomali Rahmon noted: “In the context of globalization, expanding geopolitical competition, escalation of dangerous manifestations of extremism and terrorism, and other global problems, a thorough study of philosophical, legal, social, political, moral and spiritual views is the need of the time. The study of the material and intangible culture of a nation should be a priority area of scientific research.”

Therefore, we must unite around the Leader of the Nation and act together to develop national statehood and protect independence.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz - Head of the Department of Foreign languages of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Doctor of philology, professor

«Our political goal is to build a democratic and law-based state. Here, the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, as the supreme document of the nation and a stable pillar of peace and unity, will be our eternal guide», said the honorable President of our country, Emomali Rahmon.

One of the great achievements of the period of independence of the Republic of Tajikistan is the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, which took place in 1994.

Now, in the Constitution as well as changes in society, there have been radical changes. Of course, the reason for this great historical event was the need of the times, the progress of society and the independence of our dear country Tajikistan.

Thanks to the adoption of the Constitution of Tajikistan as a full-fledged subject of international relations, the people of Tajikistan were recognized as a constructive, peace-loving and cultured people. This sacred and fateful document, like a burning lamp, will illuminate the way of development of the independent state of Tajiks and its people for centuries.

Thanks to the 16th Session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan, preparation and adoption of the Constitution of the new era took place. As a result, on November 6, 1994, this constitution was accepted by the majority of people through a national referendum, and this historical day was established as the day of the Constitution in Tajikistan.

The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan consists of a preamble, 10 chapters and not 100 articles. The Constitution is the most important and reliable document of the destiny of every nation.

The Constitution was able to express the interests of the Tajik people, reflect the interests of the workers, and represent Tajiks on the world stage. The Constitution played an important role in achieving peace, harmony and complete unity of the Tajiks. This fateful document was named by international experts among the five best and most popular Constitutions of the member states of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

In conclusion, it is a matter of pride that the Constitution of the country became the support and guide of the Tajik people. The duty of every citizen of the republic is to respect the Constitution.

Of course, the role of the President of the country, Emomali Rahmon, is extremely important in the development and preparation of the Constitution of the period of independence of Tajikistan. So, the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan turns 29 years old, and people proudly celebrate November 6 as the day of adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan every year.

As the honorable leader of the nation, Emomali Rahmon, emphasized: “Our constitution is like a guiding light that guides the society to a good future. It is the axis that unites all the creative forces of the country in the spirit of respect for the law.”

Nurullozoda Hangomai Mirzosharif – doctoral student, PhD, Department of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography namedA. Donish National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan. Address: Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe;

This year, the Republic of Tajikistan celebrates the 33rd anniversary of its national independence. On September 9, 1991, a significant historical event occurred when the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan adopted the decree "On the National Independence of the Republic of Tajikistan," declaring that "the Republic of Tajikistan is an independent, democratic, and lawful state."

The concept of sovereignty, once belonging to monarchs, now applies to states, ensuring their supreme and independent actions in both internal and external affairs. Jean Bodin, a 16th-century French publicist, is considered the founder of the theory of sovereignty. He provided the first clear definition of sovereignty, which served as a foundation for subsequent scientific studies in this field. However, the roots of the idea of sovereignty trace back to earlier times, during the development of feudalism and the emergence of new national states.

The UN Declaration on the Principles of International Law uses two terms to describe the process of creating new states: sovereignty and independence. It specifically notes that "the creation of a sovereign and independent state, free association with an independent state, or union with it, or the establishment of any other political status freely determined by the people are forms of the exercise of the right to self-determination."

A nation's external sovereignty is characterized by complete autonomy, freedom, uniqueness, and individuality in relations with other states. Tajikistan's international activities entered a new chapter on September 9, 1991, marked by the adoption of the declaration of national independence, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of sovereign Tajikistan.

The declaration stated that "The Republic of Tajikistan acts independently in international relations as a subject of international law, striving in its actions for lasting peace, nuclear disarmament, the prevention of force in resolving disputes and contradictions between sovereign states, and developing cooperation among them to solve global problems facing humanity. The Republic of Tajikistan declares itself open to directly signing equal and mutually beneficial bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties, without infringing upon the interests of any sovereign states, with all partners, without any preconditions."

Foreign policy plays a significant role in the formation and development of Tajikistan as a sovereign independent state. One of the main challenges facing the Republic is maintaining a balance between globalization and the country's national interests. It is believed that the sovereignty and independence of each country must be truly recognized as fundamental norms of international life. On this path, tremendous work has been done, and today Tajikistan is recognized as an independent state by more than 150 countries worldwide.

The main long-term goals of Tajikistan's foreign policy should consist of creating favorable external conditions for the country's sustainable, multifaceted development, further growth as a sovereign independent state, reaching agreements, and finding common interests with foreign countries and international organizations in addressing tasks defined by the priorities of the country's foreign policy.

The basic principles of the Republic of Tajikistan's foreign policy are reflected in the Declaration of National Sovereignty and the Constitution, based on an open-door policy, multi-vector orientation, realism, maintaining balance, and practicality. The main goal is to ensure national security and protect the national and state interests of the Republic of Tajikistan.

In shaping foreign policy parameters, it is considered that globalization processes, which are developing at a particularly high pace, have a noticeable impact on all spheres of the country's public life. Tajikistan, guided by the highest interests of its people, joins international organizations, establishes ties with foreign countries, and cooperates with compatriots abroad. The Republic has been accepted as a full member of international and regional associations and organizations. Its sovereignty has been recognized by 150 countries, with 118 establishing diplomatic relations, and bilateral agreements on cooperation have been signed with 50 states. Additionally, 84 bilateral agreements have been signed, and two conventions have been ratified.

Tajikistan has officially been recognized by 200 countries, and diplomatic relations have been established with 126 of them. The Republic of Tajikistan is an active member of 51 organizations, including international and regional ones, as well as international financial institutions. Moreover, over 1,200 bilateral documents have been signed, covering cooperation in the fields of politics, economics, trade, military-technical issues, as well as security, science, culture, education, medicine, and tourism.

Today, Tajikistan remains committed to strengthening regional integration, joint efforts against threats, and addressing intra-regional issues, in line with its foreign policy priorities. Tajikistan's foreign policy course is characterized by interest in the further development of equal cooperation with foreign countries and the international community as a whole.

A multi-vector policy – independent and sovereign – supports Tajikistan's ability to engage in balanced cooperation and use opportunities beneficial to its national interests. However, certain negative effects of globalization, such as international terrorism, illegal drug trafficking, and organized crime, pose serious threats to Tajikistan's national security.

Tajikistan has always adhered to a balanced foreign policy approach aimed at ensuring national interests, achieving sustainable economic development, and improving the living standards and well-being of its population. For this reason, Tajikistan will likely continue its course of developing relations with all states, in line with the objectives of safeguarding the country's national interests.

In addition to establishing bilateral relations, particular importance is given to Tajikistan's efforts to join international structures for its entry into the global community. In this regard, Tajikistan has made significant efforts to participate in various international organizations that are of interest to the country's development.

In conclusion, Tajikistan's foreign policy, grounded in the principles of sovereignty and independence, has evolved significantly over the past three decades. By maintaining a balanced approach to international relations, the country has succeeded in protecting its national interests while engaging constructively with the international community. Tajikistan's commitment to a multi-vector foreign policy and regional cooperation demonstrates its ability to adapt to the changing dynamics of global politics while safeguarding its sovereignty. In the years to come, Tajikistan is likely to continue pursuing a foreign policy that balances national priorities with global responsibilities, ensuring its sovereignty remains intact in an increasingly interconnected world.

Doronshoeva Nekbakht Shoqosumovna,

Candidate of Political Sciences, Head US & Canadian Department Institute of Asian & European Studies Tajikistan National Academy of Sciences

“Independence is the highest sacred and roads are a blessing, a symbol of happiness and national identity, patriotic honor and glory, stability is familiar and state liquidity”.

Emomali Rahmon

The Republic of Tajikistan is a young Republic with a centuries-old history. As noted by the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, respected Emomali Rahmon, “September 9 for the ancient, creative and culture-honoring, glorious Tajik people is a historical, fateful date and one of the moments of happiness and high dignity”.

September 9 is an important and valuable date for every citizen of the republic, since it was on September 9, 1991, at the session of Shura Oli (Supreme Council) that the resolution “On state independence of the Republic of Tajikistan” was adopted with the wording: “The Republic of Tajikistan is an independent, democratic, legal state”.

In a few days, the Republic of Tajikistan celebrates the 33rd anniversary of independence. Over the years, our young Republic has many achievements and continues to develop only for the better. Since gaining independence, the Tajik nation, under the wise leadership of the Leader of the Nation, has achieved significant successes over 33 years, among which are:

The appearance of the Republic of Tajikistan on the political map of the world as an independent state, its full membership in the United Nations and the first speech of the head of the Tajik state - Leader of the Nation from the rostrum of this organization.

Election of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, respected Emomali Rahmon at the head of the state, thanks to which the civil war was continued, the constitutional system and all branches of power were restored, peace, unity and mutual understanding were ensured in the country, the achievement of peace by Tajiks in the world has become a unique example for the entire European Community.

The Republic of Tajikistan managed to maintain state and territorial integrity. The volume of agricultural production increases every year.

The Republic of Tajikistan today conducts an independent domestic and foreign policy, protects the national interests of the republic.

It should be emphasized that over the years of independence, the Republic of Tajikistan has achieved great heights in the fields of energy, industry, education, science and culture, construction of various kinds of structures, enterprises, plants and factories. It is important that thanks to the wise policy of the Leader of the nation, the status and role of Tajik women also increased during the years of independence, and at new stages it is impossible to imagine any area of ​​activity without the active participation of women. In particular, the contribution of women in the fields of science and education, culture and healthcare, law enforcement agencies and other spheres of the country’s socio-economic life is increasing and significant.

As the head of state noted: “Today a woman of Tajikistan is not only a mother, sister and wife, but also a politician, a successful leader, a real scientist, a good doctor, a successful businesswoman, an honest law enforcement officer, a defender of the Fatherland, a builder, a teacher and a nurse, being a source of pride for each of us." Every year, September 9 is widely celebrated in Tajikistan.

Various social and political events are taking place throughout the country. On this day, in accordance with the Regulations “On the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan,” the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan is hoisted.

Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the European Since gaining independence, the Republic of Tajikistan has been officially recognized by 150 countries of the world. For more than 30 years, the Republic of Tajikistan has been building strong relations with influential international organizations - the United Nations, the Organization for Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and others - that occupy a special place in the foreign policy of the Republic of Tajikistan. It should be noted that mutually beneficial cooperation has introduced Tajikistan to the world community, familiarized it with its foreign and domestic policy of a democratic and rule-of-law state. The above organizations, having established productive cooperation with Tajikistan, have provided support and contributed not only to the achievement of peace, but also to the preparation of post-war reconstruction projects and supporting the development of the country's economy.

One of such influential global organizations was UNESCO, which the Republic of Tajikistan joined on April 6, 1993 with the aim of developing and preserving the rich heritage of the Tajik people and familiarizing the world community with Tajik history and culture.

31 years have passed since the Republic of Tajikistan joined UNESCO and 17 years have passed since the creation of the National Commission of the Republic of Tajikistan for UNESCO. The Commission strives to achieve the goals of UNESCO and is a link in the constant dialogue between governments and civil society of different countries. It brings together people engaged in various spheres of public life. Such a representative membership testifies to the importance that Tajikistan attaches to UNESCO and its activities for the preservation of peace through science, culture and education.

A special place in this endeavor is given to the highlighting of eminent personalities, works of science and art or events that have made a significant contribution to the mutual enrichment of cultures, contributing to the development of international understanding and the rapprochement of the peoples of the world.

Since 1956, UNESCO has been participating in commemorations of historic events and anniversaries of eminent personalities celebrated by Member States of the organization in order to give them world significance, which is a very important milestone for universal culture. One of the positive results of co-operation between the Republic of Tajikistan and UNESCO has been the inclusion of a number of dates in the UNESCO Anniversary List, which are the following: 1150th anniversary of the founder of Tajik-Persian classical literature Abuabdulla Rudaki (2009); 100th anniversary of the jubilee of Soviet Tajik folk poet Mirzo Tursunzoda (2009); 100th anniversary of the Soviet Tajik composer Ziyodulla Shahidi (2014); 600th anniversary of Tajik-Persian writer and poet, philosopher and musicologist, humanist and public figure Mavlana Abdurahmani Jami (2014); 3000th anniversary of the ancient city of Hissar (2015); 700th anniversary of the Tajik-Persian poet, scientist, philosopher and mystic Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (2015); 100th anniversary of the founder of Tajik choreography, director and producer of operas and Tajik dances of the Soviet era Gafar Valamatzade (2016); 1250th anniversary of the Tajik-Persian thinker and scholar Hakim Tirmizi (2016); 1150th anniversary of the Tajik-Persian scientist-encyclopaedist, physician, alchemist and philosopher Zakiriyo Razi; 400th anniversary of Tajik poet and educator Mirobid Sayyido Nasafi (2018); 700th anniversary of the great Tajik poet Kamoli Khujandi (2020) and others.

Each of these dates is the pride of the Tajik people, who have made a significant contribution to the world's cultural treasury. Through close cooperation between the Republic of Tajikistan and UNESCO since 1992, UNESCO's “Memory of the World” Program has raised awareness worldwide of the existence and significance of heritage, promoted preservation through the most appropriate methods and facilitated universal access to information and knowledge. According to the program, documentary heritage belongs to all and should not only be fully preserved and protected, but also permanently accessible to all. Because this heritage contains the collective memory of contemporary societies, nations and regions, as well as a memory common to all humanity.

From our republic, the UNESCO’s “Memory of the World”Program list includes the works of Ubaid Zakani ‘Kulliyat’ and ‘Ghazaliyat’ and ‘Ghazaliyat’ by Hafiz Sherazi (14th century).

At present, the Republic of Tajikistan is one of the most active members of UNESCO. Tajikistan, within the framework of UNESCO, carries out wide-ranging activities in all fields of science and education, culture, and also contributes to the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage. Our country is a member of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Certain achievements have been made in this direction, for example, one of the achievements of Tajikistan is the inclusion of the ancient city of Sarazm in the UNESCO World Heritage List during the 34th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2010. At the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee held on 16-26 June 2013 (in the capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh), the National Park of Tajikistan was included in the List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Since the 90’s, UNESCO has been discussing issues related to bioethics and the human genome program. Scientists became concerned about the possibility of developing some modifications of the human genome with the help of new technology. In this regard, UNESCO together with a group of international scientists decided to launch a programme that includes social aspects and ethical issues of human rights.

The creation of the UNESCO World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology has led to the creation of the Commission on the Ethics of Communication, Ethics of Space. In this aspect, the Declaration of Ethical Principles in relation to climate change was adopted in 2017. It was within the framework of this programme that the Bioethics Committee under the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan was established. This committee is one of the most visible results of effective cooperation of our country with UNESCO. Under the auspices of the above-mentioned programs, an international conference on “The Role of Women in Cultural Dialogue in Central Asia” was held in Dushanbe in June 2003. At the conference, it was decided to establish a UNESCO Chair on cultural dialogue in the modern world at the Russian-Tajik Slavic University.

On October 11th, 2003, the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage was adopted by the Member States of the organization and entered into force after its ratification by individual Member States in 2006. This Convention marked a new stage in the international legal protection of intangible cultural property. It was the first international legal instrument of its kind in the field of the protection of intangible cultural property.

The Republic of Tajikistan joined the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2010. Over the past 14 years, the Republic of Tajikistan has contributed a number of cultural elements to the list of this convention: November 11th, 2008 “Shashmaqom” - ancient classical Tajik music is recognized as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity. Now 12th of May is celebrated annually in Tajikistan as “Shashmaqom day”; in March 2015, Tajikistan, together with 11 countries of the Nowruz basin (Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Turkmenistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Republic of India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Turkey and Republic of Iraq) proposed to inscribe Nowruz on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity; оn 1st December 2016, at the 11th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO, held in the city of Adis Ababa, the festival “Nowruz” and “Oshi Palav” were inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity; оn 1st December 2018 in the city of Port Louis, at the 13th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Heritage of UNESCO, the nomination of Tajikistan “Chakan - the art of embroidery in the Republic of Tajikistan” was included in the UNESCO Representative List of ICH, which is considered one of the important achievements in preserving and promoting the intangible heritage of ancestors, presenting folk crafts and rich culture of the Tajik people in the international arena.

Along with these achievements of Tajikistan, it should be emphasized that Tajikistan's initiatives for inclusion in the UNESCO Representative List of ICH nominations “Hulbuk”, “Falak” and “Atlas and Adras” are at different stages of consideration and finalization. Tajikistan has also submitted as a joint nomination with Iran “Mehrgon - Festival of Autumn Equinox”.

Based on the activities of the Republic of Tajikistan within UNESCO in 2004, the capital city of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, was awarded the UNESCO “City for Peace” Prize. On 17th September 2008, the famous Tajik sculptor Amri Aminov was awarded the honorary title of UNESCO “Artist for Peace” in recognition of his contribution to spreading the ideas of peace and tolerance through his art.

On 20-22 August 2013, UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova visited the Republic of Tajikistan and met with the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon. She presented the President of the Republic of Tajikistan with the UNESCO 60th Anniversary badge for her honorable contribution to peace, stability and sustainable development. During her visit, Irina Bokova participated in the High-Level International Conference on Water Co-operation and delivered a speech where she emphasized Tajikistan's activities on the world stage within UNESCO.

Every year Tajikistan and UNESCO cooperate under the Participation programme, which is implemented to expand and strengthen the capacity of Member States by financing various projects. During 1993-2021, the Tajikistan National Commission for UNESCO has implemented projects in the field of education, science and culture within the framework of this programme, for example, one of the most effective UNESCO programmes “UNESCO Associated Schools” celebrated its 65th anniversary in 2018. Institutions belonging to this international network (11 thousand educational institutions in more than 180 countries) aim to educate young people in the traditions of tolerance and intercultural dialogue through educational programmes focused on the active participation of students themselves. There are 9 UNESCO Associated Schools in our country. The institutions participating in this international Project represent different levels of education of UNESCO member countries: pre-school, primary school, secondary school, vocational education institutions, teacher training programmes. The most important factor in this endeavor is that these institutions are guided by the country’s national education system. At the same time, their education is based on four basic areas of activity: 1) dissemination of information about the United Nations and UNESCO; 2) ecology, environmental protection; 3) study of the world cultural and natural heritage; 4) human rights, children’s rights, democracy, non-violence.

On October 13th, 2021, with the assistance of the National Commission of Tajikistan for UNESCO, an exhibition of historical art of Tajikistan entitled “Tajikistan - the Land of Golden Rivers” was held at the Museum of Asian Crafts “Guimet” in Paris. It was the first European exhibition of Tajikistan, which lasted for three months during which about 300 ancient monuments of Tajik people were exhibited. Then, on October 14, 2021, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon, took part in the opening ceremony of the Day of Culture of Tajikistan at UNESCO in Paris. The event coincided with the 75th anniversary of UNESCO and was attended by the Director-General of UNESCO Audrey Azoulay and a large number of representatives of member countries of the United Nations.

In December 2021, confirmation of the potent activity of Tajikistan in the structures of UNESCO is the inclusion of the art of chanting of Tajikistan - “Falak” in the list of intangible cultural population of humanity of UNESCO.

As a result of cooperation between the Republic of Tajikistan and UNESCO was the inclusion in the List of significant and memorable dates celebrated by UNESCO in 2022-2023. 2500th anniversary of the ancient settlement of Takhti Sangin and the joint nomination of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran on the 1050th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding scholar of the East Aburaikhan Beruni.

The National Commission of the Republic of Tajikistan for UNESCO during the last three years of its cooperation with UNESCO has inscribed numerous natural and historical sites, works of Tajik scientific and literary geniuses and unique creations on the lists of this World Institute, including: Tajikistan National Park; the ancient city of Sarazm; state reserve of Tajikistan “Tigrovaya Balka”; transnational cultural heritage of the Silk Road: “Zarafshan-Karakum”; monuments of ancient Penjikent; city of Sanjarshokh; Khisorak Fortress, Gardani Khisor; Mug Castle; Kum Fortress; Tali Hamtuda; Toksankorez irrigation system; Tomb of Khoja Muhammad Bashoro; UNESCO's Executive Board inscribed the complete works of Tajik poet and philosopher Jaloliddin Balkhi on the Memory of the World Register.

In addition to the existing results, on January 12, 2024, the President of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon signed a decree to open a “Permanent Delegation of the Republic to UNESCO” to represent the culture, history, and material and spiritual heritage of the Tajik people.

The current government of the country is trying to achieve the introduction of 13 monument Tajikistan in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO in 2024: Stone Throne, Ajina-Teppa Buddhist Monastery; Khoja Mashhad Mausoleum, Dimna or Khulbuk Palace, the ancient city of Baitudashti IV, Khoja Nahran Mausoleum, Hazrat Shah Mausoleum, the ancient city of Kahkaha, Fon Mountains, Tigrovaya Balka Reserve, Dashtijum Reserve, Zorkul Reserve and Kusavlisai Reserve.

Headquarters UNESCO was marked 850 years Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi.

Thanks to such effective bilateral cooperation Tajikistan recognized as a leading country in the solution of water and climate issues in the world.

In the historical spectrum, 31 years is a very short period of time, but if we consider the achievements of the Republic of Tajikistan as an equal member of the world community on the example of bilateral relations between Tajikistan and UNESCO, we can proudly state that for such a short historical period Tajikistan has become an active member of UNESCO, author and co-author of a number of global cooperation projects in the field of science, education and culture. Through its activities within UNESCO, Tajikistan has made a significant contribution to the protection and promotion of the cultural and natural heritage of the Tajik people, and thus the world as a whole.

Ardabaeva Madina – PhD student оt the Department of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Humanitarian Sciences named after academician B. Iskandarov of the NAST.

The ancestors of the Tajiks have lived in the present territory of Tajikistan since ancient times and are the oldest people of Central Asia. In ancient times, the ancestors of Tajiks were called Aryans. Ariya - from the Avestan word «aria» and the Iranian word «ariya» means «pure», «noble». In ancient times, the ancestors of Tajiks were called Aryans.

In ancient times, the ancestors of the Aryans formed a single ethnic community, that is, they were one nation, spoke one language and lived in one country. Approximately in the XX- XV centuries BC they split into two branches, one of which moved to India where they wrote the Vedas. The second group lived in Central Asia and Eastern Iran and created the Avesta. According to written sources in the IX-VIII centuries Aryans lived in almost half of the Asian continent from Mesopotamian border to northern India and from Eastern-Southern Europe to Altay and Western Siberia.

IV - II millennium BC - Sarazm is an ancient town located near Panjakent district in Northern Tajikistan. The existence of Sarazm is attributed to the Eneolithic and Bronze Age.

The Tajik people are one of the most ancient people of the Central Asia throughout the millennium history, despite of all vicissitudes of life; they have created rich material and a spiritual culture which laid the basis for the most ancient and medieval cultures and regional civilizations. The Tajik people have defended their culture, territory, mentality, their faith for centuries, as an integral part of a multifaceted world civilization.

As the Founder of Peace and National Unity-Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan His Excellency Emomali Rahmon noted, «History is quite rightly defined as the memories of humankind. Those, who have no idea about the destiny of their nation, about the past of its people, who are not familiar with the traditions and habits of their ancestors and who cannot appreciate the merits and achievements of nation, are not worthy of being called true citizens of their country».

Each historical period remains a deep mark on the fate of nations and peoples, has an impact on the course of their formation and development. Tajiks, whose history goes back to millennia, in its origin and belong to the Aryans, are indigenous inhabitants of the Central Asia. Of course, the history of Tajiks is closely tied with the history of all the peoples of the Persian group, many of its aspects have not been investigated so far.

In the tumultuous process of globalization and clash of civilizations and cultures, every people and nation try to show the history of its ancestors for its own sake. Sometimes there are cases when not only ordinary people, but certain scientific circles, that is, some scientists, try to make history out of legends and myths. And without a historical basis, they want to take another's property.

If we look at the historical reality, the Tajik nation has an ancient and great history in the territory of Khorasan and Mоverannahr, which is confirmed by all reliable sources. The ancestors of the Tajiks - Aryans in Iran, Central Asia and Afghanistan laid the foundation for a great urban civilization, which is recognized as one of the first civilizations in human history.

The Aryan civilization continued to expand and spread to Europe in the west and India in the east. With the efforts of the Founder of Peace and National Unity-Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan His Excellency Emomali Rahmon, 2006 was declared the "Year of Aryan Civilization", the purpose of which was to inform and awaken the national sense of the young generation of the country.

One of the issues that has caused a lot of noise in recent years is the concept of «Turan» and its meaning and geographical boundaries. In recent years, especially some scientific circles want to equate this concept with the Turkish people.

The word Turan as a geographical and ethnic name is first encountered in the Avesta. In ancient times, Turan as a geographical term was used to denote a part of the Central Asian region. The inhabitants of Turan called themselves Turanians. Despite the fact that the geographical name Turan in the medieval period (11th century) was replaced by Turkestan in historical literature (Bartold, 1963, p. 63). Nevertheless, some inhabitants of Central Asia called themselves Turanians before the October Revolution. Even now, the names Turan (male) and Turangul (female) are common among the Tajiks of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This name is also borne by one of the nomadic Afghan tribes (Resner, 1964, p. 98). Back in the 19th century, the Chinese called the indigenous population of Maverannahr (i.e. Tajiks) Turanians (Klyashtorny, 1988, p. 87).

An expert on Avestan texts, the author of translations from Pahlavi to Farsi of the two-volume Yashts and Gathas, Puri Dovud writes that «the Turs, according to Avestan sources, are Iranian-speaking and Faridun comes from the Turs. However, the Turs were cattle-breeding tribes and lived in tents, they did not engage in agriculture and did not have cities. And the Iranians were sedentary and had cities, they were engaged in agriculture. The Turanians often attacked the cities of Iran, so the Iranians considered them their enemies. This is on the one hand. On the other hand, the reason for the enmity between the Iranians and the Turanians was that the Turanians remained on their old territory, firmly, professed the old religion, and the Iranians accepted the teachings of Zarathustra and revered the sacred fire. The Iranians, because they did not accept the religion of Zarathustra, called the Turans infidels» (Puri Dovud, Part 1, 1971, pp. 54-55).

E.G. Bertels believes that Turs with Iranians have a common origin (Bertels, 1960, p.33) The Russian Turkologist S. D. Zenkovsky writes that «the word Turan does not mean the ancient Turkic-Mongol peoples, but rather the northern Iranian population that occupied all of Central Asia until the VI century AD» (Zenkobcky, 1967, p. 110). S. D. Zenkovsky correctly notes that the Turanians were Iranians, not Turks.

The famous Tajik scientist academician Yu. Yakubov proves that the word «Tur» takes its origin from the bull of the tur. The bull tur is the totem of all Iranian-speaking cattle breeders, Sakas-turs. (Yakubov, 2001, p.27-34)

For an intelligent reader and pundit, only Firdawsi's «Shahnama» is enough to understand the reality.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz - Head of the Department for the Implementation of Sscientific achievments in Production of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.

Khojaev Mehrovar- candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of Tajik National University.

September 9, 1991, when the Republic of Tajikistan officially declared its state independence, became an important moment in the history of the country. This historical event marked the beginning of a new stage of the country's development, which gave it the opportunity to determine its own destiny and strive for national prosperity. But the path to independence and stability was not easy, but required many efforts and sacrifices.

Independence, in the true sense, is not only political and economic independence, but also spiritual and scientific independence. The history of Tajikistan, which began thousands of years ago, carried with it the dream of freedom, the development of science and culture. These dreams were realized with the support of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, who played a key role in the formation of the new government of Tajikistan from the first days of independence.

The efforts of the Founder of peace and national unity - Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon in ending the civil war, restoring peace and stability, as well as his determination and wisdom allowed the country to overcome many difficulties. This trend is not only the result of his hard work, but also the proof of the wisdom and stability of the nation, which strives for comprehensive development.

The Founder of peace and national unity - Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, always emphasized the importance of science for the development of the country. In his meetings with scientists and well-known people of science, issues of raising the level of studying natural and mathematical sciences, developing technical thinking, supporting inventive initiatives and improving the quality of training of scientific personnel were discussed. In this way, they paved the way for the development of science and technology and created conditions for innovation and technical progress.

During the years of State Independence, science in Tajikistan made great strides forward. The Government of the country has created all conditions for comprehensive development of science and improvement of social conditions for scientific workers. Many institutes and scientific-research centers were built and put into operation. Important reforms were made to the structure of the Academy of Sciences, which was transformed into the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan in 2020.

Among the achievements in the field of science, it is possible to mention the establishment of new institutions on water, hydropower, ecology, philosophy and law, as well as the Khatlon Scientific Center and the Center for the Study of Glaciers of Tajikistan. These institutions play an important role in solving scientific and practical issues facing the country. However, it is important to remember that real science always deals with everyday issues, but also opens up new ways to understand the world.

Science and education have a central position in the policy of the Government of Tajikistan. During more than 30 years of state independence, more than 3,900 institutions of general education, including gymnasiums, lyceums and colleges, as well as universities and institutes, have been built. The number of institutions of higher professional education has increased from 13 to 47, and the number of students has increased from 65 thousand to more than 220 thousand. This development shows that the nation attaches special importance to science and education and considers it as the main way of social and economic progress.

One of the important aspects of the state policy is the involvement of young people in science and invention. The Founder of peace and national unity- Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, has established many awards and scholarships for schoolchildren and students, which encourage young people to study and research. In 2022, the Law "On Commercialization of the Results of Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities" was adopted, which promotes the implementation of scientific achievements in production. In this way, young people can have a deep understanding of science and technology and contribute to the development of the national economy.

One of the other important steps is the establishment of the republican competition "Science - the branch of knowledge", which is organized in Tajikistan in order to attract more teenagers and young people to the study of exact and natural sciences. This competition, held under the auspices of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, contributes to the development of scientific thinking, the expansion of the technical outlook, and the formation of innovative and inventive skills. Participants in this competition can demonstrate their knowledge and skills in various scientific fields and enjoy their achievements. The competition also contributes to the expansion of scientific thinking and technology in society, and provides suitable conditions for the development of the young generation of scientists.

Despite significant successes, science in Tajikistan faces a number of problems. One of the main tasks is to attract young scientists to research activities. The shortage of specialists in such fields as seismology, energy, molecular biology, genetics and biotechnology requires urgent measures to train and attract them. In this process, revision and development of educational and research programs should be a national priority.

The President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon also emphasized the need for serious reforms in the National Academy of Sciences and its scientific research institutes. He emphasized the importance of increasing the effectiveness of scientific research and their compliance with modern requirements. For this purpose, the Government intends to establish a competent commission for a comprehensive analysis of the activities of scientific institutions and make specific proposals for their improvement. These measures show that the development of science and technology is a top priority in state policy.

The Government of Tajikistan recognizes the great importance of modern equipment and scientific-practical laboratories. In recent years, investments in the purchase of new equipment and the establishment of new laboratories have increased. These modern equipment and better research conditions allow scientists and researchers to conduct research at a high level and achieve significant results. These investments show that Tajikistan is moving forward in the development of science and technology and hopes for a bright future.

The independence of Tajikistan created the basis for the development of science and education, which in turn contributes to the social and economic progress of the country. The initiatives of the Honorable President Emomali Rahmon and the Government of the country allowed Tajikistan to move forward with confidence, implement strategic goals and solve the problems of modern times. Science plays a key role in this process, and its development remains one of the priorities of state policy.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz- Нead of the Department for the implementation of scientific achievements in production of the Presidium of National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.

Imom Mirahmadi Sharofiddin - Senior specialist of the Department for the implementation of scientific achievements in production of the Presidium of National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.

Saidov Davlatyor Mahmadsalimovich - leading specialist of the Department for the implementation of scientific achievements in production of the Presidium of National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.

The Republic of Tajikistan and the People's Republic of China to establish a fruitful relationship that significantly impacts regional development and stability. This alliance, rooted in deep historical ties and mutual strategic interests, has evolved to encompass economic partnerships, security collaboration, and cultural exchanges, each weaving a tighter bond between the two nations.

Economic exchanges form the cornerstone of this relationship, with China emerging as one of Tajikistan's largest foreign investors. Significant undertakings like the construction of the Dushanbe Thermal Power Plant-2 and the Vakhdat-Yavan railway tunnel attribute to a strategic effort in boosting Tajikistan’s infrastructure, thereby enhancing the country's economic landscape and living standards. These projects are complemented by Chinese investments in industries such as construction, textiles, and agriculture, creating job opportunities for Tajik citizens and boosting local economies.

Another important aspect of this partnership is Tajikistan's involvement in China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which seeks to improve trade routes and stimulate economic growth across Asia and beyond. Tajikistan's strategic location offers a transit route, enhancing its geopolitical stature and fostering economic interdependence among BRI participant countries. This includes infrastructure projects like new governmental buildings and trade corridors that deepen economic ties and regional connectivity.

The collaboration extends beyond economics into security, as both nations prioritize regional stability. This security cooperation not only enhances Tajik forces but also contributes to the peace and stability of the entire Central Asian region.

Strengthening cultural and educational ties also plays a vital role in this partnership. Numerous Tajik students benefit from scholarships to study in Chinese universities, gaining skills beneficial for national development. Additionally, cultural exchanges and language programs foster mutual understanding and respect, enriching the social fabric of both nations.

Looking towards the future, the partnership is poised for expansion into more sustainable and technologically driven initiatives. Prospective projects focusing on green energy and modern agricultural techniques illustrate the shared vision for a forward-thinking partnership. Enhanced connectivity through digital innovations in trade routes and improved community engagement strategies will further solidify the bonds between Tajikistan and China.

The trajectory of Tajikistan-China relations illustrates not just the ambitions of two neighboring countries but also the potential of transformative partnerships to foster global goodwill and shared progress. Through continuous refinement and mutual respect, this partnership can serve as a beacon of international cooperation, contributing significantly to regional stability and prosperity.

The journey of collaboration is evolving, with both nations exploring new areas to fortify their relationship while emphasizing sustainable growth and mutual benefits. The future promises not only enhanced prosperity for Tajikistan and China but also a strengthened model of international partnership that other nations might aspire to.

As the partnership matures, the focus will increasingly shift towards integrating modern technologies and sustainable practices into the fabric of this cooperation. Potential collaborations in renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind power, may come to the forefront, leveraging Tajikistan's natural resources and China’s technological prowess. These initiatives not only promise to reduce carbon footprints but also to foster energy independence and sustainability for Tajikistan, aligning with global environmental goals.

Further enhancing the relationship, digital infrastructure improvements are crucial. The implementation of smart technologies in trade and transportation could revolutionize how goods and services move between the two countries and beyond, making processes more efficient and secure. This digital shift would not only strengthen the economic aspects of the partnership but also enhance security measures, providing more robust safeguards against common regional threats like smuggling and terrorism.

An area requiring vigilant attention is the balance of benefits in this bilateral relation. Ensuring that these extensive cooperative efforts lead to tangible improvements in the lives of Tajik citizens is crucial. Public infrastructure projects, technology transfers, and educational initiatives must be executed in ways that directly benefit local communities, thereby solidifying the foundation of mutual respect and cooperation that this partnership is built upon.

Moreover, cultural diplomacy will continue to play an essential role in enriching this bilateral relationship. Increased cultural exchanges, joint art and educational projects, and deeper people-to-people connections would help mitigate any sense of alienation or imbalance. Such initiatives can serve to enhance understanding and appreciation between the populations of both nations, creating a resilient bond that complements economic and security collaborations.

As we navigate the complexities of this evolving partnership, challenges such as political influence, economic dependence, and cultural integration need careful handling. Transparency in projects and initiatives, balanced economic policies, and inclusive growth are essential to maintaining a healthy, sustainable partnership that truly benefits both parties.

In conclusion, the ongoing journey of collaboration between Tajikistan and China holds vast potential for both countries. By continuing to focus on shared strategic goals, respecting each nation’s sovereignty, and embracing opportunities for modernization and cultural exchange, this partnership can transcend traditional bounds of international cooperation. It embodies a comprehensive model of collaboration that could guide future alliances across the globe, fostering peace, development, and mutual understanding in an interconnected world.

Rahimov Faridun – Research Fellow, Department of Southeast Asia of Institute of Studying of problems of Asian and European Countries, National Academy of Sciences of the Tajikistan