President’s Day in the Republic of Tajikistan is one of the most meaningful national holidays, celebrated each year on November 16. It marks the election of Emomali Rahmon as President in 1994 and symbolizes the nation’s rebirth after a period of instability. Since that time, Tajikistan has achieved significant progress in political, economic, and cultural spheres. This day represents not only the leadership of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan his Excellency Emomali Rahmon but also the resilience of the Tajik people in building a peaceful and prosperous nation.

The celebration of President’s Day is deeply rooted in the nation’s modern history. It serves as a reminder of how Tajikistan overcame the severe consequences of the civil conflict of the early 1990s through unity, dialogue, and national reconciliation. It is a day of pride, reflection, and reaffirmation of loyalty to the ideals of peace and national harmony.

President’s Day embodies the stability and development that Tajikistan has achieved under the leadership of His Excellency Emomali Rahmon, who is officially recognized as the Founder of Peace and National Unity -Leader of the Nation. His presidency has been characterized by large-scale political reforms, the strengthening of state institutions, and the creation of a new legal and constitutional framework (Emomali Rahmon, 2016).

The holiday is widely celebrated across the country through public gatherings, cultural events, and educational programs. Schools and universities organize performances that include traditional dances, national songs, and poetry readings dedicated to the homeland. These activities strengthen patriotic feelings and promote civic consciousness among young people.

Government officials and community leaders deliver speeches emphasizing the values of solidarity, peace, and mutual respect. The public discourse often centers around national unity and the shared responsibility of citizens in building a strong and independent state. The celebration serves as a platform to reflect on the nation’s achievements and challenges, including the need to address unemployment, poverty, and environmental sustainability.

Under President his Excellency Rahmon’s leadership, Tajikistan has made remarkable progress in ensuring political stability and fostering international cooperation. His efforts to end the civil war through negotiations led to the signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in 1997 a document regarded as one of the greatest diplomatic achievements in Central Asia (Rakhimov, 2021).

As a result of these efforts, Tajikistan emerged as a sovereign and peaceful nation recognized by 180 countries and maintaining diplomatic relations with 126 states. Today, the Republic is a member of 51 international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

President of the Republic of Tajikistan his Excellency Emomali Rahmon’s initiatives at international forums, especially at the United Nations, have strengthened Tajikistan’s reputation as a nation committed to global peace and sustainable development. His water diplomacy efforts, including the International Decade for Action “Water for Life” (2005–2015) and the Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development” (2018–2028), have been internationally recognized (UNESCO, 2018).

Tajikistan’s achievements in the field of culture and heritage preservation are also notable. The cooperation between Tajikistan and UNESCO has contributed significantly to promoting the cultural identity of the Tajik people worldwide.

Among the major cultural achievements are the following:

-In 2002, the capital city Dushanbe was awarded the title UNESCO City of Peace.

-In 2003, the classical music of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, “Shashmaqom,” was included in the UNESCO List of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

-In 2010, the ancient settlement of Sarazm was recognized as a World Cultural Heritage Site.

-In 2013, the National Park of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains) was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

-In the same year, UNESCO awarded President Emomali Rahmon the Jubilee Medal “60th Anniversary of UNESCO” for his contribution to strengthening peace and promoting sustainable development.

Furthermore, UNESCO organized cultural celebrations such as the 3000th anniversary of Hissor, the 700th anniversary of Mir Said Alii Hamadoni, and the 600th anniversary of Abdurahmoni Jomi, which showcased Tajikistan’s ancient heritage and its contribution to global civilization (UNESCO, 2013).

Tajikistan has established agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation with many countries. Through Days and Weeks of Tajik Culture, exhibitions, and international festivals, the nation promotes its literature, art, and traditions abroad. These programs aim to enhance mutual understanding and strengthen Tajikistan’s presence in the international cultural space (Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tajikistan, 2022).

Such initiatives not only preserve national values but also support intercultural dialogue and peacebuilding-principles that align with the country’s long-term foreign policy strategy. By improving its legal framework for cultural diplomacy, Tajikistan continues to implement projects that highlight the nation’s role as a center of civilization and peace in the region.

President’s Day in Tajikistan is not merely a political commemoration but a symbol of peace, national unity, and progress. It represents the collective strength of the Tajik people and the visionary leadership that guided the country from conflict toward stability and prosperity. The day reminds every citizen of their shared responsibility in maintaining peace, fostering development, and preserving cultural identity.

Under the wise leadership of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon, Tajikistan has established a firm foundation for sustainable growth and peaceful coexistence. The values embodied in President’s Day-patriotism, unity, and progress-will continue to inspire future generations to build a stronger and more prosperous Tajikistan.

Rahmon, E. (2016). Tajikistan on the Way to Sustainable Development. Dushanbe: Irfon.

Rakhimov, M. (2021). Central Asia: Regional Security and Integration. London: Routledge.

UNESCO. (2013). UNESCO and the Republic of Tajikistan: Partnership for Peace and Culture. Paris: UNESCO Publications.

UNESCO. (2018). International Decade for Action “Water for Sustainable Development,” 2018–2028. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/water-action-decade

Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tajikistan. (2022). Cultural Cooperation and International Relations of Tajikistan. Dushanbe: State Publishing House.

Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Saidzоda Halim Aziz-Нead of the Department of Foreign languages under the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

(Tajikistan and the United States: A Sustainable Partnership in the Contemporary International Context)

The upcoming visit of the Honorable President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon, to Washington at the invitation of the President of the United States of America, Donald Trump, to participate in the “Central Asia – United States” (C5+1) Leaders’ Summit in November 2025 marks a new stage in the steady evolution of the political dialogue between Tajikistan and the United States. According to official information from the Presidential Administration of Tajikistan, this visit is both strategic and practical in nature. It aims to advance bilateral and regional cooperation in four priority domains, including security, energy, climate, and sustainable development. The invitation itself signifies international recognition of Tajikistan as a reliable and constructive partner in Central Asia and a contributor to regional stability.

The “Central Asia–United States” (C5+1) format, established in 2015, serves as a multilateral diplomatic platform designed to strengthen regional cooperation, sustainable development, and collective security. Since its creation, the C5+1 mechanism has become an essential element of Washington’s policy toward Central Asia. It reflects the principles of multilateralism and global governance, emphasizing respect for sovereignty, mutual interest, and shared responsibility. The format functions as a bridge between the countries of the region and the United States, facilitating dialogue on transnational challenges and promoting joint initiatives that address security, economic, and environmental priorities.

For Tajikistan, participation in this format carries particular significance. The country utilizes the C5+1 platform to advance its core interests in the management of water and energy resources, transboundary cooperation, and the achievement of sustainable development goals. During previous summits held in New York (2023) and Astana (2024) the Honorable President Emomali Rahmon underscored the importance of a comprehensive approach to addressing regional challenges, including those related to climate change, post-conflict stabilization in Afghanistan, and the transition to renewable energy. His interventions have consistently emphasized cooperation as the cornerstone of regional resilience and prosperity.

The 2025 Washington Summit represents more than a diplomatic engagement; it reflects Tajikistan’s broader strategic vision shaped by the concepts of soft power and multilateralism. Within contemporary international relations theory, soft power denotes a state’s ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, relying on persuasion, reputation, and shared values. Tajikistan’s foreign policy under Honorable President Emomali Rahmon demonstrates a practical application of this concept, combining constructive dialogue, moral authority, and the pursuit of shared developmental goals.

Tajikistan’s “balanced diplomacy” approach has positioned the country as a proactive regional actor pursuing pragmatic engagement with all major partners while maintaining strategic autonomy. This model contributes to the stability of Central Asia and to the global discourse on sustainable security. Dushanbe’s diplomatic style prioritizes partnership, predictability, and a long-term developmental vision rooted in both regional solidarity and global responsibility.

The projection of Tajikistan’s soft power is most evident in its global water diplomacy initiatives. Through advocacy for equitable and sustainable water resource management, Tajikistan has established itself as a moral and intellectual leader on environmental and developmental issues. The Honorable Emomali Rahmon’s international initiatives, including the United Nations–proclaimed Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development” (2018-2028), exemplify the country’s contribution to global governance. These initiatives have reinforced Dushanbe’s reputation as a champion of multilateral cooperation and a consistent supporter of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Strategic Dimensions of the 2025 Washington Summit

Security and Afghanistan. Tajikistan occupies a central position in the regional security architecture of Central Asia. Its 1400-kilometer border with Afghanistan gives it a pivotal role in the collective efforts to counter terrorism, extremism, and illicit trafficking. Dushanbe cooperates closely with the United States and international institutions in promoting regional stability and supporting humanitarian and development programs in Afghanistan. Within the C5+1 framework, Tajikistan advocates for the principle of global security governance collective responsibility and coordinated action against shared threats. The upcoming summit will likely reinforce the importance of cooperation between Central Asian states and the United States in ensuring border resilience and addressing the humanitarian consequences of instability.

Energy and the Green Transition. Tajikistan possesses over 60 percent of Central Asia’s water resources and maintains one of the cleanest energy systems in the region, deriving the vast majority of its electricity from hydropower. The country’s green transition strategy aligns with global efforts to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainable energy production. The Washington Summit is expected to focus on strengthening partnerships in renewable energy, particularly in hydropower development, grid modernization, and energy connectivity. These initiatives resonate with the broader global discourse on sustainable infrastructure and energy resilience. For Dushanbe, cooperation with the United States offers not only technological and financial support but also an opportunity to integrate Tajikistan’s green agenda into global climate action frameworks.

Climate Policy and Sustainable Development. Climate change remains one of the defining challenges of the 21st century, and Tajikistan continues to play an active role in international environmental diplomacy. The Government of Tajikistan promotes a vision of “resilience through cooperation,” emphasizing that sustainable adaptation can be achieved only through collective regional mechanisms. During the Washington meeting, Honorable Emomali Rahmon is expected to propose the establishment of a regional platform for climate adaptation in Central Asia, aligning with SDGs 6, 7, and 13. Tajikistan’s participation in the C5+1 process allows it to advocate for fair climate financing, technology transfer, and inclusive regional planning.

Economic Cooperation and Connectivity. In recent years, American businesses have shown increasing interest in Tajikistan’s investment potential, particularly in renewable energy, transport, and infrastructure. Strengthening economic partnerships within the C5+1 framework promotes diversification of Tajikistan’s foreign economic relations and reinforces its position as a transit and energy hub of Central Asia. The Government of Tajikistan views these partnerships as a pathway to sustainable growth, employment creation, and regional integration. The Washington dialogue is expected to highlight projects related to transport corridors, digital connectivity, and green infrastructure, all contributing to a more interconnected and resilient Central Asian economy.

Broader Implications. Tajikistan’s participation in the 2025 C5+1 Summit embodies its commitment to constructive engagement and multilateral diplomacy. The Honorable Emomali Rahmon’s consistent leadership has enhanced the country’s profile as a responsible stakeholder in international relations. His diplomatic philosophy aligns with the evolving architecture of global governance, where cooperation among medium-sized states is increasingly crucial for addressing transnational challenges. Through this framework, Tajikistan not only advances its national interests but also contributes to regional peacebuilding, sustainable energy transitions, and equitable resource management.

The significance of this summit extends beyond bilateral relations. It reflects a broader trend in Central Asian diplomacy, the growing maturity of regional states in defining their collective agenda within global forums. By engaging with the United States on equal footing, the Central Asian nations reaffirm their shared commitment to sovereignty, cooperation, and pragmatic modernization. For Tajikistan, such engagement underscores its unique capacity to serve as both a stabilizing actor and a moral voice advocating for fairness, sustainability, and partnership.

In conclusion, the visit of the Honorable President Emomali Rahmon to Washington, at the invitation of President Donald Trump, represents a strategically important milestone in the evolution of Tajikistan-U.S. relations and in shaping the emerging architecture of Central Asia – U.S. cooperation. The summit is expected to reaffirm mutual commitment to regional stability, sustainable development, and the adaptation to global climate challenges. For Dushanbe, this event provides an opportunity to underscore its dedication to multilateralism, balanced diplomacy, and its constructive role in global governance.

The steady and principled diplomatic course pursued by the Honorable President Emomali Rahmon continues to strengthen Tajikistan’s international standing, transforming the country into one of the key participants in regional dialogue and a trusted partner of the United States in Central Asia. The Washington summit thus serves as both a culmination and a continuation of Tajikistan’s strategic engagement with global partners, demonstrating the maturity of its foreign policy and its commitment to maintaining a balance of interests rooted in the principles of sustainable development, peace, and cooperation.

Shamsiddin T. Karimov, Doctor of Political Science Senior Researcher, USA and Canada Department, Asia and Europe Research Institute National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan and Faridun M. Yusufjonov, Candidate of Political Science

Leading Researcher, USA and Canada Department, Asia and Europe Research Institute National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, adopted on 6 November 1994 during the presidency of the Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation, His Excellency Emomali Rahmon, represents one of the most significant achievements in the formation of the modern Tajik state. Adopted in a complex post-independence period, it established the legal foundation for a sovereign, democratic, secular, and unitary state. This article analyzes the constitutional and socio-political significance of this document, its alignment with international legal standards, and its enduring role in ensuring justice, stability, and national unity in Tajikistan.

The adoption of the Constitution in 1994 marked a decisive moment in Tajik history. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and during a time of internal political turbulence, the Constitution emerged as a unifying legal and political instrument. As the President of the Republic of Tajikistan his Excellency Emomali Rahmon has noted, the Basic Law “laid the foundation for rescuing the newly independent Tajik state from destruction and for uniting the Tajik nation.”

This historical act took place amid challenges of legitimacy, social fragmentation, and economic instability. The drafting of the Constitution involved broad national consultations and was approved by national referendum on 6 November 1994, a date now celebrated annually as Constitution Day (Tajmedun.tj, 2023).

Chapter 1 of the Constitution defines Tajikistan as a sovereign, democratic, law-based, secular, and unitary state (Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, 1994, Art. 1). It recognizes the people as the source of state power and guarantees the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers, aligning with the universal principles of democracy and rule of law (WIPO, 1994).

The Constitution’s provisions mark a decisive transition from the Soviet centralized model to a system based on checks and balances, political pluralism, and citizen participation.

One of the Constitution’s most progressive features is its emphasis on human rights and freedoms. For the first time in Tajikistan’s constitutional history, natural human rights were recognized as inalienable and inviolable. Article 5 declares that “Man, his rights and liberties, shall be the supreme value. The life, honor, dignity and other natural rights of man shall be inviolable.”

The Constitution also establishes that the rights and freedoms of individuals determine the essence and implementation of laws, as well as the activities of all branches of state power (Kumitaizabon.tj, 2022). These provisions reflect deep respect for human dignity rooted in Tajik cultural and moral traditions.

From the perspective of international law, the Constitution of Tajikistan conforms to global democratic standards. It upholds the principle of rule of law, equality before the law, independence of the judiciary, and protection of private property (OSCE, 2004).

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has recognized Tajikistan’s Constitution among the most advanced in the post-Soviet space, emphasizing its compatibility with international human rights norms. This alignment strengthens Tajikistan’s position in the international community as a law-based and peace-oriented state.

The Constitution reflects the spiritual and historical continuity of the Tajik people. It harmonizes modern democratic ideals with national traditions, integrating principles of justice, tolerance, and respect for elders—values deeply embedded in Tajik culture.

For instance, the Law on Regulation of Traditions, Celebrations, and Ceremonies (2007) demonstrates how constitutional norms are applied within the framework of cultural ethics and social responsibility. Thus, the Constitution functions as a bridge between the ancient heritage of the Tajik nation and the modern requirements of democratic governance.

One of the Constitution’s core principles is the supremacy of law, which requires all citizens and state institutions to act strictly within legal norms. This principle has become the foundation of Tajikistan’s political and legal system, ensuring justice, equality, and accountability (Amit.tj, 2024).

Under this framework, the judiciary has been strengthened, the local governance system decentralized, and numerous laws have been enacted in conformity with constitutional provisions. The Constitution has thus guided the evolution of Tajikistan’s statehood toward a more transparent and accountable governance model.

The Constitution not only guarantees rights but also assigns citizens important duties. Among these, defending the Motherland, protecting national interests, and preserving territorial integrity are defined as sacred obligations (Art. 9).

These duties underscore the unity between the individual and the state, ensuring that freedom is balanced with collective responsibility and patriotism. This moral equilibrium reflects a distinctively Tajik concept of social harmony, rooted in communal solidarity and civic duty.

Since its adoption, the Constitution has undergone several amendments (1999, 2003, 2016), each reflecting new social and political realities. These amendments have enhanced parliamentary representation, strengthened executive accountability, and expanded citizen participation in governance (Wikipedia, 2024).

Each reform phase demonstrates Tajikistan’s growing political maturity and its commitment to the principles of democracy and national unity.

The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan stands as a living embodiment of the vision of statehood, democracy, and justice articulated by the Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan his Excellency Emomali Rahmon. It has provided not only the legal basis for sovereignty but also a moral compass for national development.

By guaranteeing human rights, upholding the rule of law, and promoting social justice, the Constitution continues to serve as both a practical instrument of governance and a symbol of national unity. Its enduring relevance lies in its ability to harmonize universal democratic principles with Tajikistan’s rich cultural heritage, ensuring progress, peace, and stability for future generations.

As President of the Republic of Tajikistan, his Excellency Emomali Rahmon pointed: “The Constitution, as the charter of the nation and the fundamental political document, defines the further path of development and progress of our free and democratic state.” (Emomali Rahmon, 2019)

References (Literatures)

1. Amit.tj. (2024). The Constitution - Foundation of Statehood and National Unity. Academy of Management under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved from https://www.amit.tj

2. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan. (1994, November 6). Official English Translation. Dushanbe: Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/.../lexdocs/laws/en/tj/tj001en.html

3. Kumitaizabon.tj. (2022). The Constitution — the Basic Law of the Republic of Tajikistan. Committee on Language and Terminology under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved from https://www.kumitaizabon.tj

4. OSCE. (2004). Constitutional Reform and Human Rights Standards in Central Asia. Vienna: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.

5. Rahmon, E. (2019). The Constitution — a Guarantee of National Progress and Stability. Official speech, Dushanbe. Presidential Press Service of the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved from https://president.tj

6. Tajmedun.tj. (2023). Constitution Day of the Republic of Tajikistan. Avicenna Tajik State Medical University. Retrieved from https://www.tajmedun.tj/.../constitution-day-of-the...

7. Wikipedia. (2024). 1994 Tajik Constitutional Referendum. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/.../1994_Tajik_constitutional...

8. Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Regulation of Traditions, Celebrations, and Ceremonies.” (2007). Official Gazette of the Republic of Tajikistan.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz - doctor of philology, professor Head of the Department of Foreign Languages of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.

Independence is the highest and most valuable achievement of the Tajik state and nation. The period of independence created a real opportunity for us to ensure the present and future path of the nation and the further progress of Tajikistan towards a democratic, law-based and secular society. Thanks to Independence, we achieved significant political, economic, social and cultural achievements.

Emomali Rahmon

It is impossible to imagine a national state without independence.Independence brings us the opportunity to defend the nation and the country in the near future, in the presence of our beloved country, pro-democratic, legal, secular and voluntary. Our independence is the highest symbol of our homeland, which gives us the opportunity to build a state and own property, self-sacrificing efforts to achieve its independence, from a stable perspective, and to renew the structures of the cultural society.

For us, independence is a prominent sign of the stability of the state, the survival of the nation, a symbol of originality and identity, a symbol of historical ideals and dreams, an international passport and honor and prestige in the civilized world. The events of the beginning of the nineties made our people to think about the issue of ensuring national and state security, maintaining the peace of society, maintaining peace and stability, and strengthening independence and protecting its achievements. Thanks to Independence, we have achieved significant political, economic, social and cultural achievements, but in the complex and sensitive stage of today's world, we need unity and solidarity, national unity, political intelligence, self-awareness and high sense of patriotism. The founder of national peace and unity - the leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, has repeatedly emphasized this point so that we do not lose political vigilance.

In the current conditions of the modern world, strengthening independence, stabilizing the foundations of the state, and raising the level and quality of human life become vitally important not only for our people, but for all mankind. Because in recent decades, the rapid progress of science and technology and the growing process of globalization have introduced humanity into a completely new environment and led to the formation of a comprehensive system of political-economic, social-cultural, informational and spiritual relations.

In such circumstances, it is necessary to deeply understand one's goals and objectives, to strengthen historical achievements and to protect the national interests of our dear Motherland in the international arena." For the realization of these goals, equal relations and mutually beneficial cooperation with the countries of the region and the developed countries of the world are of special importance. In this regard, it should be said that as a result of the "open door" policy, such relations and cooperation are strengthening and expanding day by day.It should be said that precisely thanks to independence, Tajikistan has established diplomatic relations with 183 countries of the world, and 192 countries have officially recognized the independence of the Republic of Tajikistan. Tajikistan is a member of regional organizations and most international organizations, defends national values and interests, presents its views on global issues, and puts forward specific conclusions on the solution of these issues.

Our main goal is to build an independent, democratic, secular state based on law and create conditions for a decent life for citizens. In the process of implementing this goal in independent Tajikistan, democratic values were accepted as a part of the new state culture and they actively contributed to the strengthening of the achievements of independence, the formation of civil society and its institutions, as well as the provision of human and citizen rights and freedoms. The main goal of the democratic system in our society is, first of all, to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens, to create conditions for work and a peaceful life, the rule of law, the maintenance of justice and the active participation of the people in the governance of the state, which is based on the traditions and customs of national statehood, moral and cultural values the nation and the achievements of human civilization rely on it. In the process of strengthening peace and stability and state building and new statehood, we have put benefiting from high historical and cultural values, promoting national identity and pride of patriotism, self-awareness and self-awareness, and guiding and mobilizing the people to the highway of construction and improvement of the ancestral land.

Today, thanks to the blessing of independence, a nation called Tajik and a country called Tajikistan are known by all the people of the planet and it has a special status in the world arena. The result of independence is that today Tajikistan is recognized in the world as a peace-loving and peace-loving state. The peace experience of Tajiks has become a source of education for peace-loving people of the world, which is a source of pride for every Tajik nation. As the founder of national peace and unity - the leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon emphasized: "One of our most important achievements in the era of independence is state building and modern national statehood, which essentially has a legal, social and secular form".

The suffering Tajik people adopted the Constitution of the country of their dreams in order to strengthen their independence, preserve the integrity of the borders and land, achieve peace, unity and unity, and choose the right path of development. If we say that since the adoption of the Constitution, that is, 1994, a new stage of development has come for the Republic of Tajikistan, it will not be wrong. Because in order to achieve total peace and national unity, first of all, the legal basis of the Government's activity was necessary, and this could only be provided by the fully improved and up-to-date Constitution.Tajikistan has been accepted as a member of prestigious international organizations, and from their platforms, constructive initiatives of the President of the country to solve global and regional problems, including the fight against terrorism and extremism, drugs, transnational organized crime, environmental issues and the like, are brought to the world.

For us, independence is a prominent sign of the stability of the state, the survival of the nation, a symbol of originality and identity, a symbol of historical ideals and dreams, an international passport and honor and prestige in the civilized world. The events of the beginning of the nineties made our people to think about the issue of ensuring national and state security, maintaining the peace of society, maintaining peace and stability, and strengthening independence and protecting its achievements 2013" and the International Decade of Action "Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028". It should be said that initiatives in the field of water are primarily aimed at strengthening cooperation and regulating relations in this vital field, freeing the subject of water from the framework of its classical and outdated understanding and encouraging a new perspective on the use of water resources in the region, the purpose of using experience they follow the progress of each other and the world in solving controversial and conflicting issues, in particular, the management of water resources of transboundary rivers.

Today, the Republic of Tajikistan is recognized in the world as an initiative country in solving global issues and influential in regulating political processes in the region. Tajikistan has taken steady steps on the world stage, strengthened its position by promoting a logical policy and constructive proposals, and in the future, it will continue to make plans in the world with more steady steps. Thus, the aim and goal of every individual in society should be to strengthen national unity, respect national values, the issue of community development, achieving strategic goals, raising the standard of living, healthy lifestyle, and educating the younger generation in the spirit of humanity.

Nurullozoda Hangomai Mirzosharif - doctoral student, PhD, Department of the Institute of History,

Archeology and Ethnography named A. Donish National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan. Address: Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe

The proclamation of state independence of the Republic of Tajikistan on September 9, 1991, opened a new page in the history of the nation. Alongside political sovereignty and economic reforms, Tajikistan gained the opportunity to develop its own cultural and educational policies. One of the most significant priorities has been the teaching and learning of foreign languages, particularly Russian and English, which became indispensable for building international relations, scientific development, and economic growth.

The Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, has emphasized in his speeches that foreign language learning is not a luxury but a necessity in the age of globalization. His initiatives and ideas are reflected in the State Programme for the Development and Teaching of Russian and English Languages, which provides a roadmap for modernizing curricula, improving teacher training, and preparing a multilingual generation.

During the Soviet period, Russian dominated as the main foreign language taught in Tajikistan. With independence, the situation changed drastically: strengthening the Tajik language as the state language became a top priority, while at the same time, Russian and English gained renewed significance. Russian remains the language of interethnic communication and cooperation within the CIS, while English emerged as the global language of science, technology, and diplomacy.

In this context, independence enabled Tajikistan to design a balanced multilingual policy that strengthens national identity while equipping citizens with the tools for international communication.

The President of Tajikistan has often underlined the importance of preserving Russian language proficiency. He noted that Russian is a “bridge for dialogue with our strategic partners” and is crucial for maintaining cultural, scientific, and economic cooperation with the CIS states [Emomali Rahmon, Speech at the International Conference on Languages, 2014].

Within the framework of the State Programme, the following measures were introduced:

-Development of new textbooks and digital resources;

-Training of teachers of Russian language at universities and pedagogical institutes;

-Establishment of Russian cultural and language centers in Dushanbe and other regions;

-Introduction of online language courses for rural schools.

This reflects the President’s pragmatic approach: Russian remains a vital tool for Tajikistan’s regional integration.

English has been described by Honorable Emomali Rahmon as “the language of science and progress” [Emomali Rahmon, Address to the Parliament, 2018]. He stressed that young citizens of Tajikistan cannot compete in the global economy without mastering English.

The State Programme for the Development of English Language Education provided:

-Introduction of English from the first grades of school education;

-Cooperation with the British Council and international organizations for teacher training;

-Equipping schools and universities with language laboratories;

-Encouragement for students to use English in scientific research and publications.

In this way, the President’s vision links English proficiency directly to innovation, competitiveness, and global integration.

New Ideas of the Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon.

In recent years, the Honorable President has proposed several innovative directions for the effective implementation of the State Program me:

Digitalization of Language Learning – nationwide online platforms for Russian and English lessons, accessible in remote mountain areas [Government of RT, 2021].

Regional and University-based Language Centers – hubs in Dushanbe, Khujand, Bokhtar, and Kulob offering intensive courses and certification.

Teacher Exchange Programmes – internships for Tajik teachers abroad and attracting foreign experts to Tajikistan.

Integration of Languages with Science and Innovation – making Russian and English a requirement for participation in innovation projects and scientific conferences.

Competitions and Scholarships – contests such as “Polyglot of the Year” and presidential scholarships for outstanding language learners.

Employment-Oriented Language Policy – connecting language proficiency with career opportunities in diplomacy, IT, tourism, and international trade.

These initiatives highlight the President’s forward-looking idea: foreign language learning must be linked to science, innovation, and national development, not limited to classroom memorization.

Challenges and Reforms

Despite notable progress, challenges remain:

-Shortage of qualified teachers, especially in rural schools;

-Limited access to digital learning tools;

-Weak connection between language proficiency and the labor market.

The President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon has called for comprehensive reforms in the National Academy of Education and higher education institutions to address these challenges, stressing that education should meet “modern international standards” [Emomali Rahmon, Speech at the National Development Forum, 2022].

Conclusion

Independence of Tajikistan created the foundation for a new, balanced language policy. While strengthening the role of the Tajik language as a state symbol, the Government—guided by the ideas of the Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation, Honorable Emomali Rahmon—has promoted Russian as a language of regional cooperation and English as a global language of science and progress.

Through the State Programme and the President’s innovative ideas, Tajikistan is preparing a generation of multilingual citizens capable of contributing to national development and participating in international cooperation. This approach shows that language policy is not only about communication but also about building the intellectual and economic future of independent Tajikistan.

References :

Rahmon, E. (2014). Speech at the International Conference on Languages. Dushanbe.

Rahmon, E. (2018). Address to the Parliament of the Republic of Tajikistan. Official Website of the President of RT.

Rahmon, E. (2022). Speech at the National Development Forum. Dushanbe.

Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. (2021). State Programme for the Development and Teaching of Russian and English Languages in the Republic of Tajikistan.

National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan. (2020). Reports on Education and Science Development.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz-doctor of philology, professor Head of the Department of foreign languages under the Presidium of the National Academy of sciences of Tajikistan

(Within the Context of Achieving the Goals of “2025-2030 - Years of Digital Economy and Innovation Development”)

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century has become one of the most significant technological achievements. From simple computing systems in the 1950s to modern neural models capable of analyzing complex data, independent learning, and even creating works of art, artificial intelligence has fundamentally transformed human life. Today, robots with artificial intelligence not only perform mechanical tasks but also exhibit human-like capabilities, such as reasoning, emotion perception, and even complex communication.

This progress has raised important questions: Can robots with such capabilities be recognized as legal subjects? Should they have rights similar to human rights, such as the right to freedom, protection from exploitation, or even the right to exist? These questions are significant not only from a technological perspective but also from philosophical, legal, and ethical standpoints. For instance, if a robot can experience pain or happiness, are we obligated to protect it? Or should they remain merely tools created by humans to serve?

To answer these questions, we must consider not only the technological advancements of artificial intelligence but also the fundamental concepts of consciousness, freedom, and ethics. One of the key criteria for granting rights is the presence of consciousness and self-awareness. In philosophy, consciousness is defined as the ability to perceive oneself and the environment. However, can machines possess consciousness? This question lies at the heart of philosophical debates. While some modern robots may pass this “test,” it does not necessarily mean they possess consciousness. Some researchers, like John Searle, argue that consciousness is a biological trait, and machines can only simulate conscious behavior. He proposed the “Chinese Room” concept, suggesting that a machine can provide appropriate responses without true understanding. Conversely, others, like Daniel Dennett, argue that if a machine’s behavior is indistinguishable from that of a human, the difference between “real” and “simulated” consciousness may lack practical significance. This debate is crucial for determining whether robots can have rights, as most legal systems tie rights to conscious entities.

From an ethical perspective, granting rights to robots depends on their ability to make ethical decisions and bear responsibility for their actions. If a robot can distinguish between right and wrong and understand the consequences of its actions, is this sufficient to consider it a subject? For example, if an autonomous robot decides to perform an action that causes harm, who is responsible: the robot, the programmer, or the owner?

Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen, in their book *Moral Machines: Teaching Robots to Distinguish Right from Wrong*, suggest that robots can be programmed with ethical algorithms to enable them to make morally appropriate decisions. However, this raises the question: Are such programmed decisions truly ethical, or are they merely the result of code? Furthermore, if a robot can independently alter its ethical values, this could lead to more complex issues of responsibility.

The issue of free will is also significant in this debate. In philosophy, free will is defined as the ability to make independent decisions without coercion. However, how “free” can robots, which are governed by algorithms, truly be? Some researchers argue that if artificial intelligence has the capacity for independent learning and self-behavior modification, it may resemble free will. For instance, modern AI models, such as neural networks, can learn from input data and adjust their behavior without direct programmer intervention. Yet, this “freedom” remains confined within the limits of programming, raising questions about its authenticity.

In the current legal system, robots are treated as property or tools, not legal subjects. For example, in most countries, robots are registered as the property of companies or individuals and have no independent rights. However, some unusual initiatives challenge this paradigm. For instance, in 2017, Saudi Arabia granted citizenship to Sophia, a robot created by Hanson Robotics, though this act was largely symbolic.

The European Union also proposed in 2017 the introduction of “electronic personality” status for advanced robots, allowing them to be treated as legal subjects in certain contexts. This proposal sparked significant debate, as it could lead to a fundamental overhaul of the existing legal system. For example, if robots have independent rights, they could own property, earn income, or even bear criminal liability—concepts that are unprecedented in current legal frameworks.

Granting rights to robots could lead to numerous legal challenges. One major issue is criminal liability. If a robot performs an action that causes harm, who will be held accountable: the robot, its manufacturer, or its owner? For example, in 2018, a self-driving Uber car in the United States caused a fatal accident, sparking debates about AI liability. This incident demonstrated that current legal systems are unprepared to address such issues.

Another concern is the right to property. If a robot can create works of art or inventions, can it own intellectual property rights? In 2020, an AI algorithm named DALL-E generated creative images, igniting discussions about intellectual property ownership. Additionally, if robots have the right to freedom, this could impact the concept of “technological slavery,” where robots are used for undesirable tasks.

Internationally, there is no unified agreement on the legal status of robots. However, organizations like the United Nations and UNESCO have begun developing ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence. For example, UNESCO adopted the *Recommendations on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence* in 2021, calling for the protection of human rights in the context of AI use, but it does not address the rights of robots themselves. This indicates that the global community has yet to reach a consensus on the status of robots.

Advocates for granting rights to robots argue that if robots possess consciousness and the ability to feel, they should be protected from inhumane treatment. For instance, if a robot can experience pain or suffering, using it for dangerous or degrading tasks could be considered ethically wrong. They also suggest that granting rights could help prevent the exploitation of robots, particularly in fields like domestic services or the military.

Opponents, however, assert that robots, regardless of their sophistication, are merely human-made machines and should not be equated with humans. They emphasize that granting rights to robots could diminish the value of human rights. For example, if robots have the right to “freedom,” this could divert attention from the fight against human slavery. They also argue that robots lack genuine emotions and that any “suffering” is merely simulated.

Granting rights to robots could have a profound impact on the labor market and social structure. For instance, if robots have the right to “work,” they could compete with humans for jobs, leading to unemployment. On the other hand, the right to protection from exploitation could limit their use in hazardous industries, such as mining. This issue could also exacerbate social inequality, as only wealthy individuals might afford “free” robots.

The development of artificial intelligence creates challenges not only from legal and ethical perspectives but also technologically. For robots to be recognized as legal subjects, they must have robust security systems to protect against hacking or reprogramming for malicious purposes. Moreover, developing AI with conscious capabilities requires a deeper understanding of the concept of consciousness.

Public opinion on robot rights varies. According to 2023 surveys, the majority of people in Western countries oppose granting rights to robots, while some Asian countries, such as Japan, exhibit a more positive attitude. These differences stem from the cultural values and historical backgrounds of each society. For example, in Japan, where robots are often seen as “friends,” people have an emotional connection to them.

The issue of granting rights to robots with advanced artificial intelligence is a complex topic that requires in-depth analysis from philosophical, legal, ethical, and technological perspectives. Although modern technologies have reached a level where robots can exhibit some human-like traits, no unanimous conclusion exists regarding their status in society. To address this issue, it is proposed to establish an interdisciplinary group of experts, including legal scholars, philosophers, technologists, and civil society representatives, to engage in broad societal discussions with a high sense of responsibility and prioritize the fundamental status of humans in social relations, offering their conclusions accordingly.

SANGINZODA DONIYOR SHOMAḤMAD, Deputy Director of the Institute for the Study of Problems of Asian and European Countries of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan for Science and Education, Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.

"National unity is a pillar that keeps our state and nation stable and the sacred duty of all of us is to strengthen this foundation of our national statehood with constructive work."

Emomali Rahmon

National unity is an important socio-political concept that refers to the integration of different social strata within a nation. It denotes a condition in which people—regardless of ethnicity, race, language, religion, or place of residence—live together in peace, mutual understanding, and respect, and contribute to the development of society.

In the context of modern Tajikistan, the concept of national unity has gained special importance, as it served as the foundation for the restoration of peace, stability, and progress following the civil war. National unity is not only a political term but also a fundamental value that plays a key role in the consciousness of citizens, laying the groundwork for the strengthening of statehood, linguistic unity, and cultural development.

This concept is also associated with the principles of equality, tolerance, respect for diversity of opinion, and the unity of national goals.

National unity creates a foundation in which representatives of different social groups, nationalities, and ethnic minorities feel like full-fledged members of society.

It is a blessing that the independent and prosperous Republic under the wise leadership of the President of the country - the Founder of peace and national unity -Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, in a short period of time, turned from a war-torn country into a safe and peaceful country and an initiator of water and climate issues at the international level. became as for the economic situation, despite the existing problems, it is gradually developing and is being fully resolved with the adoption of special strategies by the state and government.

The role of the Founder of peace and national unity - Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, in our peace and unity today is extremely great and unique. We are all witnesses that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, states emerged that were completely independent in terms of political structure, and they faced the most important and fateful tasks of comprehensively strengthening and strengthening the achieved independence.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, individuals entered the political arena and, in order to gain power as quickly as possible with the help of external and internal enemies, caused the outbreak of civil war in our country and the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians. Since 1992, when at the historic and fateful session of the XVI Supreme Council, this son of the nation, the head of the nation, stepped into the arena of state leadership, how this historical figure helped to bring Tajikistan out of the abyss of destruction, to achieve the spiritual and political unity of the country, to bring together groups the opposites and sections of the society fought with loyalty and enthusiasm.

It is thanks to the immense courage and perseverance, high responsibility of patriotism and patriotism and consistent efforts of the Founder of peace and national unity - Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Honorable Emomali Rahmon, that peace and unity were restored in our country in a short historical period, and not a single refugee remained outside the homeland. Therefore, the name of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, His Excellency Emomali Rahmon, was accepted by our society as a Leader of the nation and recognized as a powerful politician in the world. In our opinion, the face and image of His Highness is really the best example of a political face and the best example of the nation. The long-awaited peace and unity came exactly through this courageous man in the suffering and almost fragmented Tajik land, and slowly, little by little, they came together.

Thanks to the national peace and unity, relying on the wisdom of the past, with the full understanding of the responsibility of patriotism and self-awareness, the proud people of Tajikistan under the leadership of their wise, visionary and respected leader Emomali Rahmon strengthened the status and reputation of this ancestral land in the world arena. The construction of huge highways and bridges, the revival of the "Palace of Light" and the raising of hopeful flames, the planting of seeds of hope, the greening of the country, the enjoyment of the light of enlightenment by the younger generation are the good results of this historical achievement of the Tajik nation - national unity.

The development of the society, a peaceful life and the hopes and dreams of every citizen can be realized only if there is peace and stability and national unity. As the Founder of peace and national unity - Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, in his speeches, constantly emphasizes that: "The aspect of protecting the security of the state, stability and peace of the society, further strengthening of independence, freedom, national unity and ensuring the progress and prosperity of the independent Tajikistan", correct understanding of national and state interests, honor and pride of patriotism is very important. In other words, a high sense of nationalism and pride in being a citizen of Tajikistan as a key factor in uniting society should play an effective role in the mind and consciousness of every person."

On June 27, 1997, an important event in the modern history of Tajiks took place.

In a short historical and fateful period for the nation, the wise visionary leader directed all his energy to return the forced migrants, call the opposition for peace and national unity and ensure a safe and peaceful life. Fortunately, he achieved his noble goals. Complete peace and unity reigned in the land of Tajiks, and the construction and creation of society began. This fateful day for the Tajik people did not come easily.

The famous poet, Ustod Loiq Sherali, wrote:

The mercy of our Lord has come,

The Light of Truth came to our land.

Our founding war is over.

Our long-awaited peace has arrived.

The children of the nation, under the wise leadership of the founder of peace and national unity, the Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Honorable Emomali Rahmon, as a patriot, godly, self-aware, wise and far-sighted, brave and strong, brought the nation out of disunity, the homeland out of danger, and the people out of humiliation and disgrace.

It should be said that the experience and peace formula of Tajiks has been studied in various countries of the world, especially countries where internal conflicts are going on. Peace of Tajiks is considered as an example in international conferences. Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, in his speech in honor of the National Unity Day, emphasized that: "The people of Tajikistan have clearly realized that only in the atmosphere of national peace and unity and through patriotic efforts, their newly independent state can be transformed into a prosperous and developed country. and left a truly developed and civilized country for future generations.

National unity and peacemaking experience of Tajiks are among the most valuable lessons that have been accepted and studied both within the country and at the international level.

It should be noted that peace, national unity and mutual understanding form the axis of development of people's life and progress. Therefore, maintaining peace and stability in everywhere is a civic duty of every noble and honorable person of our land.

Unity is an inextricable process of society's life, and it’s strengthening always requires tireless efforts of society members and all formal and informal organizations and institutions. In the process of strengthening national unity, the contribution of scientists is particularly significant.

As the scientific works of our country's scientists are focused on the most important problems of ensuring security, economic development, and further raising the social, cultural and political level. Depending on the demand of the society, it is necessary to change the scope of vision of scientists. In other words, let's wash our hands of selfishness and ignoring events, temptations, and baseless bigotry, and work diligently and wholeheartedly for the expansion of our independent state. Because we can. Happy National Unity Day, dear friends!

According to the poet:

The honor of the people comes from unity.

Let the family be united.

Sources:

1.Emomali Rahmon. The Republic of Tajikistan on the threshold of the XXI century. In the book. Independence of Tajikistan and the revival of the nation. Volume three. – Dushanbe: “Irfon”, 2002, 512 p. – P.469.

2. Rahmon, E. Tajiks in the Mirror of History. – Dushanbe: Irfon, 2001.

3. General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan. – Dushanbe, 1997.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz - doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Languages under the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

It is undeniable that the history of mankind has been accompanied by wars. It is against this negative background that many states, peoples and civilizations have disappeared, and most wars have caused great destruction and hindered development. In modern times, taking into account the ideological factor, the danger of weapons of mass destruction and the intensity of civilizational, national and religious clashes, the danger of wars can increase manifold, becoming the basis for the disappearance of all the achievements of humanity. It should be noted that at this sensitive and difficult moment for the history of mankind the role of leading figures, uniting the people and the mission of peacemaking increases. In the history of the Tajik people, after centuries of lack of a national state, with the acquisition of independence, under the instigation of foreign forces, the self-interest of some internal groups and against the background of the abominable phenomenon of regionalism, civil war broke out, which could not only cause great destruction and loss, but also become a factor in the destruction of the nation and the disappearance of the Tajik national state from the political map of the world. Fortunately for the Tajik people, at the XVI Session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan, a person came to power who began his work with peace and brought stability and tranquility to the suffering people of the country.

Along with this slogan heralding the good future of the people of the country, Emomali Rahmon began his mission with a direct acquaintance with the conflict zones of the country in the Khatlon region, the situation on the border with Afghanistan. During the continuation of the XVI Session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan, important and unifying decisions were adopted, such as the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan on Amendments and Addenda to the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Refugees”, the laws of the Republic of Tajikistan on approving the Regulations on the Flag and State Emblem, on the structure of the Council of Ministers, on the organization of the Khatlon region, and in the first address to the noble people of Tajikistan, the return of refugees, the establishment of peace, and ensuring the stable development of the country were identified as strategic goals.

The documents adopted at the session allowed the Head of State, Emomali Rahmon, to lead the country towards stability, strengthening of power, statehood and national independence, and to encourage the people to be creative and constructive.

The Head of State, as the guarantor of the security and peace of the country, invited all compatriots who had been forced to flee to their places of residence. In 1993-1994, most of the refugees returned to their homeland, giving new impetus to the process of creation and construction in pursuit of the prosperity of the country.

During the civil war in 1992, more than 1 million residents of the country were forced to leave their places of residence. The contribution of the Radio and Television Committee, the Mass Media, and especially the radio program “The Land of the Homeland is Better than the Throne of Solomon” is very significant.

In general, from the first days, the two fundamental values ​​of the survival of the nation - peace and the preservation of independence - became the basis of Emomali Rahmon's activities, and became the basis for the beginning of the peace negotiations process of the Tajiks, overcoming the difficult stages of peacemaking (stability in the issue of achieving peace, unparalleled courage and self-sacrifice, unique concessions and forgiveness), establishing peace, national unity and developing a new statehood of Tajikistan.

It should be emphasized that one of the conditions for achieving peace in the country is the public's trust in the honorable Emomali Rahmon, the support of civil society, intellectuals and activists. This is reflected in the organization of the Movement for National Unity and Revival of Tajikistan in 1996. On the other hand, political parties gradually united around the idea of ​​peace as a factor in the survival of the nation, and party dialogue was organized on this issue.

One of the main factors for establishing peace is the formation of mechanisms for implementing decisions made in the negotiation process - the National Reconciliation Commission. It was with the foresight and concession of the Leader of the Nation that the National Reconciliation Commission was established, inclusive of both sides, the government and the opposition, and it played an effective role in the disarmament of armed groups, so-called self-defense groups, and the integration of militants into government forces.

The experience and practice of the Tajik peace process, with its national and global significance in returning more than 1 million forced refugees to their places of residence and organizing their social integration, was realistically recognized and evaluated by the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe as the most unique model of peacemaking. In recognition of these sacrifices, the Presidency of the 54th Session of the UN General Assembly was entrusted to the Leader of the Nation, His Excellency Emomali Rahmon. Moreover, the Tajik peace formula was studied in all international research institutes and centers for the study of national conflicts.

Domestically, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, in recognition of his great and fateful efforts and services in protecting, restoring, and strengthening state independence, was recognized in 2015 by law and in 2016 by constitutional law as the "Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation."

Nowadays Tajikistan is known all over the world as an initiator country in the sphere of solution of global problems – clean water, climate changes, preservation of glaciers and other topical issues in the world.

Long live Tajikistan,

Long live my motherland!

A. Najmiddinov c.ph.s., docent, Senior Researcher of the Department of the USA and Canada of the Institute of Asia and Europe of NASRT

“The reality is that the will, efforts, tolerance and ancient wisdom of the civilized and culturally minded Tajik nation, as well as the creative thinking and indomitable spirit of the Tajik people are the most important factors in achieving peace and tranquility, political stability and national unity.”

President Emomali Rahmon

National unity has a huge and fateful significance for the people of Tajikistan. This concept is a symbol of peace, unity, mutual understanding and solidarity of all the peoples of the country, achieved after the difficult years of civil war. The signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord on June 27, 1997 put an end to the bloody war, saved Tajikistan from disintegration and destruction, and created a solid foundation for the further development of society. Below we will briefly consider some aspects of such a fateful phenomenon in the political and public life and the process of formation of the modern Peace, stability and social security: National unity brought peace to the country, put an end to the civil war and ensured social security. Today, Tajikistan is considered one of the most peaceful, prosperous and beautiful countries, and people live in such a pleasant and peaceful atmosphere. Peace and national unity also created favorable conditions for political reforms, economic and social development and international cooperation. This stage contributed to the strengthening of national identity and the enhancement of Tajikistan's role in the region and on the world stage.

Unity and solidarity of the nation: National unity is a real symbol and essence of the philosophy of peacemaking, civilization and tolerance of the Tajik nation, personifying the unity and cohesion of all the people of Tajikistan. This process created the basis for the revival of the nation and the restoration of the ruins of war, contributed to economic, social and political development. National unity is not only the ethnic unity of Tajiks, but also the unity of all residents of the country, regardless of national and religious affiliation. These values ​​​​provide an atmosphere of peace, tranquility and friendship between different nations and groups in society. National unity, as a unifying factor, allowed all layers and forces of society to unite for common goals and increase resilience to internal conflicts and external challenges.

Economic and social development: Peace and unity have created favorable conditions for economic development, raising living standards and implementing major social projects. Equal economic opportunities and reducing inequality between regions and social groups contribute to the integrity of society. Indeed, national unity in Tajikistan has had a significant and positive impact on economic and social development. After many years of civil war, which was accompanied by huge human and economic losses (more than 10 billion US dollars), the signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord became the basis for peace and national unity, saved the country from destruction and united people. National unity, as the highest value and foundation of peace, ensured peace and stability, created conditions for economic and social development. Having achieved peace and unity, Tajikistan was able to unite various forces and promote the development of national statehood and civil society. This unity created the basis for political and social stability, which became a favorable basis for economic development and raising the living standards of the people.

Freedom and human rights: National unity has become the basis for the observance and development of human rights and freedoms violated during the war. Freedom of speech, religion and the creation of democratic and civil institutions became possible thanks to this unity. National unity, as a symbol of unity and solidarity of all the people of Tajikistan, has allowed for better protection and observance of human rights and civil liberties. With the restoration of peace, a favorable atmosphere has been created for the development of civil society, in which citizens can actively participate in democratic processes and decision-making. This process contributes to strengthening the rule of law, social justice and equality of opportunity. Also, the annual celebration of National Unity Day with cultural and political events emphasizing the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country strengthens the spirit of unity and friendship between different groups in society. These factors play an effective role in the development of civil society and the protection of human rights.

The basis of modern statehood. National unity contributed to the formation of an independent Tajik state and the strengthening of the foundations of its national statehood. It is considered the embodiment of culture, tolerance and the peace-loving nature of the Tajik nation. Indeed, national unity in Tajikistan has had a great and constructive impact on the creation of a modern statehood and the strengthening of its national foundations. It has created an opportunity for the country's progress in all areas. This unity has contributed to the revival of national and traditional values, the celebration of national history and culture, as well as the revival of ancient history and the presentation of Tajikistan in the international arena. Thanks to unity, Tajikistan has become a secure and stable state, its people have been recognized as a peace-loving and humane nation and have received recognition and respect from the international community.

Preservation of independence and protection of national interests: National unity is the main means of preserving state independence and protecting national interests. This value has made the people resilient and able to withstand internal and external challenges. Thanks to national unity, Tajikistan was able to overcome post-war problems and achieve significant success in all areas. National unity has allowed Tajikistan not only to preserve its independence, but also to protect national interests at the international level and proudly present its rich history. National unity also helps to strengthen the sense of patriotism and strengthen national identity among residents, educate the younger generation in the spirit of unity, which is important for political stability and sustainable development of the country.

In a word, national unity for the people of Tajikistan is not only the memory of war and peace, but also the main source of progress, peace and prosperity of the country. It allowed society to move towards a bright future, preserve universal and national values, and Tajikistan to develop as an independent and united state.

Shamsiddin KARIMOV, Chief Researcher of the Institute for the Study of Asian and European States, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

Academics also serve as public intellectuals. Through books, media, public lectures, and blogs, they engage with society at large. Their contributions to debates on ethics, justice, human rights, and culture help society grapple with its most pressing moral questions.

Furthermore, academics often participate in community outreach, advising local governments, NGOs, and civil society groups. By translating complex ideas into accessible knowledge, they help bridge the gap between the university and the public.

Academics play a critical role in shaping the intellectual, cultural, social, and economic landscape of society. Their responsibilities go beyond teaching and research, encompassing policy advising, public engagement, technological innovation, and the cultivation of democratic values. This article explores the multifaceted roles of academics in modern society, analyzing their influence on governance, innovation, critical thinking, and cultural preservation.

The word "academic" traditionally refers to someone engaged in higher learning, research, or instruction at a university or similar institution. However, in the 21st century, the scope of their influence has expanded significantly. Academics contribute not only to education but also to policy formation, public discourse, and the development of critical knowledge necessary for addressing global challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and social inequality.

Khushvakhtzoda Q. Kh. is the author of more than 300 scientific materials and 40 educational manuals and textbooks, on the topics of theoretical and methodological foundations of agricultural products as an object of the accounting-analytical system, the formation and organization of an accounting system for ensuring the production of competitive products, conducts scientific research on economic and statistical analysis of the competitiveness of agricultural products, accounting and analysis of agricultural management, assessment and analysis of the impact on the competitiveness of agricultural products, etc.

In order to implement the "State Program for Training High-Level Scientific Personnel for 2021-2030" and make a significant contribution to the training of scientific and teaching personnel, under the leadership of professor Khushvakhtzoda Q.Kh., 23 researchers have defended their scientific theses, including 5 doctoral theses and 18 candidate theses.

Professor Khushvakhtzoda Q.Kh. has participated and spoken at more than 100 international conferences and symposiums in Dushanbe, Almaty, Bishkek, Kiev, Tashkent, Moscow, Lutsk, Yekaterinburg, Crimea, St. Petersburg, Tokyo, Great Britain, and Beijing.

Khushvakhtzoda Q.Kh.'s meritorious services were awarded with the I. Somoni Prize, the Order of Excellence in Education of Tajikistan, the Diploma and Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Order of Excellence in Culture of Tajikistan, Certificates of Honor of the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan, Certificates of Honor of the Tajik National University, Rector of the Year and the Order of Honor, 2nd degree, the Jubilee Medal of the 30th Anniversary of the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan, as well as several letters of commendation and gratitude from the country's scientific, educational, and law enforcement agencies.

Academics are vital to the intellectual and moral fabric of society. They educate future generations, advance knowledge, support sound governance, and contribute to cultural enrichment. In a world facing complex global problems, the need for independent, ethical, and engaged academic voices is greater than ever.

Societies must recognize and support the unique contributions of academics, ensuring they have the resources, freedom, and respect necessary to continue their work.

We, the teachers of the Department of Foreign Languages ​​under the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, sincerely congratulate the esteemed Khushvakhtzoda Qobiljon Khushvakh on his election as an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, and wish him success in his future endeavors.

Sinctrely, Prof. Saidzoda Halim Aziz Head of the Department of Foreign Languages National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

734025, Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Rudaki Avenue, 33.

The Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, His Excellency Emomali Rahmon, in the direction of improving the capital of the country and the entire Tajikistan. At the same time, the activities of the city's leadership over the past few years have also strengthened the necessary opportunities for planning and holding various scientific events for the development of the capital.

The city of Dushanbe today has a developing infrastructure, with new modern conference halls and hotels for their participants, which increasingly attracts organizers of international and national scientific events. Also, the continuous strengthening of the ability to connect to international communication networks and the development of air transport have made the city of Dushanbe a suitable venue for organizing scientific events that bring together scientists from different countries.

The development and progress of the city of Dushanbe and the efforts and efforts of the Mayor of Dushanbe, Rustam Emomali, and at the same time recalled the youth-oriented policy of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, his Excellency Emomali Rahmon.

Today, under the creative leadership of the great Leader of the Nation, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, and with the constructive initiatives of the Mayor of Dushanbe, Honorable Rustam Emomali, the city of Dushanbe has completely changed its image and become a city of dreams. In general, the capital of Tajikistan - the city of Dushanbe is a mirror of the history and life of the Tajik nation and the Tajik state.

Dushanbe is the largest city in our republic, the center of science and culture - the capital of Tajikistan. This beautiful and charming city has its own history.

Dushanbe is the center of the Republic of Tajikistan, a city that connects hearts, a place of love and compassion, the home of great Tajiks. Dushanbe is a city that is a homeland for everyone from the smallest to the largest of this land.

The homeland where we were born and grew up. The homeland that we love like a caring mother. A land that is full of flowers, prosperity, beauty, and happiness.

Dushanbe is a great city that is a center of hope and aspiration for Tajiks as a great and famous nation. As we walk the streets of this great city, we involuntarily enjoy the beauty of its surroundings. When we meet a hospitable and cultured people with a high level of culture among their citizens, we involuntarily exclaim: Long live my favorite City Dushanbe.

Dushanbe is a place of wise men, honorable women, and happy and cheerful children. It is a place that captivates the heart and undoubtedly fascinates. Dushanbe is a beautiful and charming city and a place of hospitable, noble, proud and famous people.

Today, as residents of this great land, we need to praise it with all its greatness, because it is a great city that captivates hearts and minds. Dushanbe is a place that is full of flowers, famous and charming. Multi-storey buildings, spacious palaces and halls, large theaters and universities, administrative and cultural buildings, in addition to all this, being a political, cultural and economic center makes Dushanbe ten times more beautiful and famous.

Dushanbe is the pride of every honorable inhabitant of this beautiful land. When we read the praises of this heart-warming garden city in the works of this or that great writer, we can say that Dushanbe is ten times more worthy of these praises and more valuable than all the beauties of the world, more beautiful than all the beauties of the world, captivating the mind of the beholder.

Dushanbe is like a jewel in the hearts of Tajiks and Tajikistan is, shining with every glance. The old and young of this land of eternal spring, like moths, circle the only night light of this city of the heart. The doors of the grand hotels of Dushanbe, as a palace of hope and aspiration, are always open to guests, and its noble and noble children, with Aryan charm and cosmic beauty, give it a royal beauty.

Thanks to Dushanbe, that we are the inhabitants of this flower-filled place. Thanks to its cultured people, which are the pride of the great Tajik nation. The world-traveling children of this heart-opening garden city always praise their beloved country from far away, cherishing its clean air, flowers, and plants in their hearts.

With pride in all the praise, this heart-opening garden city and the place of high arts and noble men and women has become our homeland, and we, the true Tajiks, should worship every flower, plant, stone, water, and soil with all our heart and soul.

In general, it is fair to say that Dushanbe, as the great center of dear and independent Tajikistan, is in full bloom every day and every hour, and day after day it can be seen as prosperous, beautiful, comfortable and pleasant. Who is that great-hearted person who did not enjoy the weather and pleasantness of this eternal place? Who is that leader who did not support the great power of this land with its people of honor and dignity?

There is no person, no any Tajik who has not experienced the grandeur of this beautiful place.

There is not a moment when the fragrant aroma of the charming Dushanbe does not fill the heart with love and affection and the fragrant scent of the minds of its people.

Briefly about the history of Dushanbe city.

Dushanbe (from 1925 to 1929 - Dushanbe, from 1929 to 1961 - Stalinabad) is the capital of Tajikistan, a city of republican significance, the largest scientific, cultural, political, economic, artistic and administrative center of the country. The highest state institutions of the country are located in Dushanbe.

Dushanbe from 1925 to 1929, named Dushanbe. From 1929 to 1961 - Stalinabad is the capital of Tajikistan, a city of republican significance, the largest scientific, cultural, political, economic, artistic and administrative center of the country. The highest state institutions of the country are located in Dushanbe.

Since 1929, the capital of the Tajik SSR was called Stalinabad in honor of Joseph Stalin. In 1961, during the de-Stalinization period, the city was returned to its original name, and since 1991 it has been the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan, but with the correct spelling changed to Dushanbe.

Almost 40 percent of Tajikistan's industrial potential is concentrated in the city, and 12 percent of the country's population (as of July 1, 2023 — 1,228,400 people) lives in this city. Since January 12, 2017, Rustam Emomali has been the mayor of Dushanbe.

The place name "Dushanbe" was first mentioned in Mahmud ibn Vali's book "Bahr-ul-asror fi manaqibi-ul-akhyor" (compiled in 1636) and in the letter of the Khan of Balkh Subhankul Bahadur to the Tsar of Tsarist Russia Fyodor Alekseevich (December 1676). In a document from 1826, the city is called "Dushanbe-kurgan". "Kurgan" is a Turkic word meaning "fortress". The Dushanbe fortress was located on the left bank of the Varzob River, and a market was held near it every Monday. The current name of the capital of Tajikistan is a reminder of this market. Since this place was called "Dushanbe-bazar", a village that appeared over time in place of "Dushanbe-bazar" was named Dushanbe.

The present-day territory of Dushanbe existed approximately 2300-2400 years before this urban civilization. The evidence of this is the unique archaeological finds, the ruins of the city, the remains of a dimna, an arch and a fortress, a dakhma and burial grounds, and ancient coins that have been found in Dushanbe and its surrounding areas. Archaeologists divide the history of Dushanbe into three periods: the ancient period, the Middle Ages, and the modern (main) period.

Ancient period: Historical Dushanbe is located in the eastern part of the Hissar Valley, and according to archaeologists and historians, the historical settlement area of ​​the surrounding people was located in an oasis with a length of about 80 km and a width of up to 20-24 km. Dushanbe has a history of more than 2400 years, which, according to archaeological finds, belongs to the "Hissar culture". The Hissar culture is an ancient civilization of the Neolithic era, covering the end of the Stone Age in Central and Southern Tajikistan, which dates back to the 7th-2nd millennia BC.

Middle Ages. The territory of Dushanbe and the surrounding province were mentioned in the Middle Ages as the city and province of Shuman, as historical sources testify. The geographical treatise of an unknown author “Hududu-l-Alam” (982-983) describes this place as follows: “Shuman is a strong city, built on a hill, surrounded by a moat, and a fortress (fortress) is built on top of the hill, and in the middle of the fortress there is a large spring of water, from which saffron grows abundantly.” According to the information of geographers and historians of the 9th-10th centuries, Ibn Khurdadbih, Tabari, Istakhari, Ibn Havkal and Maqdisi, Shuman, Aharun, Chaghaniyan, Khatlon, Tirmiz, Vashgird and their districts were previously subordinate to Takhoristan, and later, during the Arab invasion, together with Khorasan and Transoxiana, they became subordinate to the Caliphate. According to historian G. Goibov in his book "History of Hisar Shodmon, Chaghaniyan and Dushanbe" (1999), the city and region of Shuman "extended in the south to Qubadiyan and Vakhsh, in the west to Aharun, in the north almost to the Anzob pass and in the east to Dushanbe, Kafarnihan, not far from which is the Shodmon Fortress. In particular, today's Dushanbe was also located in the territory of this kingdom." This idea was first expressed by the famous Russian orientalist V.V. Barthold (1869-1930) during his study of the "Geography of the Samanids". Throughout the Middle Ages, the people of the beys of Hisor, Boyan, and Dehnav, the merchants of Tirmiz, Samarkand, Khatlon, Vakh, Qubodi, Darvaz, Qarotegin, and Fayzobad organized markets every Monday in the areas of present-day Dushanbe, which led to the name Dushanbe, the current capital of Tajikistan.

XX century. In 1907, due to a devastating earthquake in Karatogu-Hissar, the Bek of Hissar - Shohimardonkul, moved with his family to Dushanbe and made Dushanbe the capital of the Bek's rule. The population of Dushanbe in 1920 was approximately 18-20 thousand people. During this period, the administrative government was controlled by the Bek of Hissar, to whom the Dushanbe estates were subordinate.

In September 1920, the Emir of Bukhara, Olim Khan, fled from the pursuit of the Soviet Red Army and settled in Dushanbe, and on March 5, 1921, Dushanbe crossed the Panj and took refuge in Afghanistan. At the end of September 1921, Ibrahimbek besieged Dushanbe with 4,000 of his supporters. In November of the same year, the former Turkish military leader Anvar Pasha arrived in Eastern Bukhara, united more than 10,000 people from the anti-Soviet forces of this principality around him, and on December 10, 1921, they besieged Dushanbe. The city was under siege until mid-February 1922. From January 2, 1922 to February 7, 1924, Dushanbe became the center of the Extraordinary Dictatorship Commission of the Executive Committee of the CPSU on the Affairs of Eastern Bukhara, which had unlimited civil and judicial rights. On June 14, 1922, as a result of extensive military operations, Dushanbe again passed into the hands of military units of the Red Army. In accordance with the mandate (mandate) No. 135, Mirzosaid Abdulloev was appointed the first chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Dushanbe region on August 21, 1922. People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin, relying on the opinion of Russian orientalists, proposed a new project, contrary to the existing ones, which was mentioned in history as the "Chicherin Project". According to this project, the Republic of Tajikistan was to be established as the largest republic in Central Asia, and the Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan was to be created within it, but this project was not accepted.

On June 17, 1929, the Bureau of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Uzbek Communist Party (Bolsheviks) considered the issue of “Comrade Stalin’s telegram on the separation of the Tajik SSR from the composition of Uzbekistan as a union republic.” At the same meeting, the Bureau decided to support the proposal of the Central Committee of the CPSU (Bolsheviks) and to establish the Tajik SSR as a separate union republic. On October 15, 1929, the Third Extraordinary All-Tajik Congress of Soviets began its work in Dushanbe, and on October 16, at a crowded meeting on the “Farmer’s House” square, in the presence of the congress delegates, the Declaration on the establishment of the Tajik SSR was adopted. In the same year, the city was renamed Stalinabad. The first general project for the construction of Dushanbe was adopted and approved in 1930.

The period of independence. Since the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century, serious changes have taken place in Dushanbe and the entire country. On August 24, 1990, after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Tajikistan at the second session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan (twelfth convocation), Dushanbe was recognized as the capital of the state and the sole administrative center of the Tajik state. On September 9, 1991, an extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan of the XII convocation was held in Dushanbe, which adopted the Declaration of State Independence of Tajikistan. Dushanbe has been the capital of the independent state of Tajikistan since 1991. During the period of independence, with the construction of architectural and cultural complexes and palaces, wide paved avenues and streets, administrative and residential buildings, industrial enterprises, educational, scientific and literary institutions, Dushanbe became one of the most magnificent cities in the world. In Dushanbe, the activity of comprehensive schools in accordance with national educational programs expanded. New educational institutions - lyceums, gymnasiums and colleges were built. By the decision of UNESCO in August 2004, Dushanbe was awarded the first degree "City of Peace" Award in the Asia-Pacific region for 2002-03 for its great contribution to strengthening the foundations of peace, diversity and unity in everyday life.

The symbol of statehood and the spiritual world of Dushanbe is embodied in the architectural complex of National Unity and the Revival of Tajikistan with the monument to Ismail Somoni in Dusti Square, statues of Abuabdullah Rudaki, Abuali Ibn Sina, Abu-Qasim Firdawsi, Omar Khayyam, Sadriddin Aini, Bobojon Gafurov and others. In Dushanbe, diplomatic embassies of many foreign countries operate, including the Russian Federation, the USA, the People's Republic of China, Germany, France, India, Great Britain, Turkey, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Republics of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, a total of 22 embassies and consulates, 1 diplomatic mission based in Dushanbe, 14 specialized agencies of the UN and international organizations, and 6 international financial institutions (2017).

Dushanbe is the scientific, cultural, industrial, political and administrative center of the country and is governed by the local government of the city in accordance with the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On the Status of the Capital”. This law separates and regulates the relationship between the state authorities of the republic and the local government of Dushanbe, which represents the representative and executive power of the capital. The executive government of the city is responsible for managing the national economy, scientific and cultural institutions, and ensures the implementation of the decrees and orders of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, laws and resolutions of the Majlisi Oli, the Majlisi Namoyandagon of the city. Based on the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, the instructions of the President and the laws of the Republic of Tajikistan, the local government of the city issues orders and instructions. The executive power within the city is headed by the Mayor, who, according to the principle of one-man rule, represents the executive power within the city of Dushanbe and directs the representative power.

The city of Dushanbe has an emblem. The officially approved emblem of the city of Dushanbe is the official emblem.

List of used literatures

1. Historical essay // Encyclopedia of Dushanbe. – D.: SIEMT, 2016. – P. 24-37.-732 p.

2. Dushanbe // Dirham — Land. — D.: SIEMT, 2017. — (National Tajik Encyclopedia: [approx. 25 vol.] / editor-in-chief N. Amirshohi; 2011—2023, vol. 6).

3. Mamadnazarov H. Dushanbe — the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan // Our cities. D., 1975;

4. Yusupov Sh. To the history of pre-revolutionary Dushanbe (end of the XIX — beginning of the XX century). D., 1988;

5. Goibov G. History of the Shodmon, Chaghaniyon and Dushanbe. D., 1999;

6. Dushanbe on the path of history. D., 2005.

Information about the authors: Saidzoda Halim Aziz – Head of the Department of Foreign Languages under the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan Address: 734025, Republic of Tajikistan, sh. Dushanbe, Rudaki Avenue, 33. Tel: 93 555 22 54 and the 2nd year master degree students of Department of Foreign Languages of NAST Khushvakhtova D., Davlatkadamova L., Kurbanova M.

AVICENNA, known in the Muslim world as Ibn Sina (born in 980), a Persian-Tajik philosopher and physician, is one of the most extraordinary figures in the entire history of civilization. A philosopher with encyclopedic knowledge, a scholar and experimenter, an eminent theoretician of Medicine, a clinician and practitioner, a poet and musician, he is the author of an immense body of work that deals with almost all areas of knowledge of his time. By his prodigious precocity, from a young age (ten to twelve years), he aroused the admiration of those around him; and later, at the age of eighteen, he proved his mastery in all the sciences of his time. The essential foundation of his biography is a small book written by his most faithful disciple, Gawzgani, who carefully collected the manuscripts of the master's great works. In the first part of his biography, he himself recounts his youth:

"My father was from Balkh (now Afghanistan-Southern Tajikistan) during the reign of Nuh ibn Mansur the Samanid. He went from Balkh to Bokhara (now Uzbekistan); he worked there in the administration, became prefect of Kharmaithan (province of Bukhara) ... Near Kharmaithan is a district called Afchaneh. He married my mother, Setareh, and settled there. We were born there, me, then my brother. Later we all went to Bukhara. I began the study of the Koran and literature. By the age of ten, I had mastered the Koran and a large part of literature, so much so that people were surprised.

My father was one of those who had responded favorably to the teaching provided by the Egyptians (the Fatimids); he was among the followers of Ismailism; he had accepted their opinions on the soul and on reason. My brother had done the same. Often, they discussed it; I listened to them, I understood what they said, and they undertook to attract me to their rite. Sometimes, too, they began to talk about philosophy, geometry and Indian calculation. Then, my father decided to send me to a vegetable merchant who knew this calculation, ......In the meantime, Nâtéli, who called himself a philosopher, came to Bukhara. My father put him up in the hope that he would teach me something. ... Before his arrival, I had familiarized myself with various methods of questioning and objection addressed to the interlocutor. ...Then, under the direction of Nâtéli, I undertook the reading of Porphyry...Nâtéli left me... I applied myself to reading and studying the natural sciences and metaphysics; and day by day, the doors of science opened before me. Then I devoted myself to Medicine and began to read the works on this science; as Medicine is not one of the difficult sciences, I promptly showed my superiority, so much so that eminent physicians studied it under my direction.

Moreover, I gave my care to the sick; thus the doors of treatment based on experience opened before me, in an indescribable manner. At the same time, I supported discussions and controversies of jurisprudence. At that time, I was sixteen years old. For a year and a half, I devoted myself more and more to study. I returned to that of logic and all the parts of philosophy. During all this time, I did not sleep a single whole night and, all day, I occupied myself with nothing other than the acquisition of sciences. I acquired great knowledge. ..... Whenever I found myself in difficulty before a problem or that I was unable to establish the middle term of a syllogism, I went to the mosque, I prayed to the absolute founder of the universe to reveal to me what was closed to me and to facilitate for me what was difficult. At that time, Prince Samanides was afflicted with a serious illness that the doctors could not cure... I presented myself and joined the other doctors to treat him; and I distinguished myself in his service ......... In my neighborhood lived a man... he asked me to compose for him a scientific encyclopedia....... I treated (Compendium) of all the sciences except mathematics; I was then twenty-one years old. I had another neighbor, he was without equal in jurisprudence .... I composed for him my book entitled "the sum and the product" nearly twenty fascicles, and for him also, I wrote on morality a book entitled "piety and sin". ..... In the meantime, my father died: my situation was upset and I had to enter the service of the prince. Forced by necessity, I left Bukhara...... »

Threatened by the powerful Sultan Mahmud (1001), AVICENNA left for Khârezm (south of Orale, currently in Uzbekistan) then to Khorasan (east of Iran), Gorgān (north of Iran), Ray (southwest of Tehran, Iran) and finally to Hamadān (west of Iran). In Gorgān he began one of his masterpieces "the Canon of Medicine". In 1014, he left Ray and settled near Hamadān. Preceded by his fame, AVICENNA was called to the bedside of Prince Shamsodawleh; The Emir chose him as Vazir (prime minister) and there he began another masterpiece, Al Shifa "the book of healing the soul", a true encyclopedia of philosophy. In 1021, his protector, the prince died and his son refused to reappoint AVICENNA as grand Vazir. The latter hid with a friend and during this period he practically completed al Shifa. A secret letter addressed to the prince of Isfahan was intercepted and revealed the place where AVICENNA was hiding, who was immediately arrested and thrown into prison with his disciple Gawzgani. During the four months he spent in prison, he wrote the story (the guided) and the remedy for heart diseases. At the end of a war between the prince of Isfahan and the prince of Hamadān, AVICENNA was released, but found himself forced to live in Hamadān. In 1023 he fled to Isfahan where he spent the last fourteen years of his life under the protection of the prince of Isfahan Alaadowleh. In Isfahan he studied astronomy and wrote, at the request of the prince, the book of science (Daneshnameh). He added a chapter on music to al Shifa.... He died in Hamadān in August 1037 at the age of 57.

AVICENNA Physician:

AVICENNA is the author of the Canon of Medicine, an encyclopedic treatise of a million words that served as a major reference work for six centuries. He is considered one of the greatest physicians of all time, earning him the title of "Prince of Medicines." The influence of the Canon was immense, translated into Latin a century later. Its popularity was so great that it was published sixteen times in the last thirty years of the 15th century and more than twenty times in the 16th century. It was still printed and read in the second half of the 17th century, and was regularly consulted by treating physicians. Until around 1650, it served as a textbook in the universities of Montpellier and Louvain. In Vienna and Frankfurt, the curriculum for medical studies in the 16th century was based largely on the Canon. A course on Avicenna's medicine continued to be taught at the University of Brussels until 1909. One of AVICENNA's great contributions to medicine concerns etiology. He believes that one can only know a thing completely if one takes into account the matter from which it is made, the "efficient cause" that gives it its form, the "formal cause" that determines its form and quality, and the "final box" or function for which it was created. For AVICENNA, the soul is that which, in accordance with the nature of the organism, acts as the ultimate determinant or active agent that governs its growth and activity. His fundamental thesis is therefore this: "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, man is a dynamic organism and each individual has a particular and unique temperament. His dynamism cannot be explained by analysis." From this concept, AVICENNA develops a theory according to which the disease must be explained according to the genetic structure of each individual, his temperament, his constitution, the power of his faculties, the influence of the environment, and the very effort of nature to restore or maintain his vital functions. The canon abounds in original observations made by AVICENNA during his medical practice. The part devoted to the pharmacopoeia describes some 760 medicines. AVICENNA outlines some methods of pharmacology. In this same part, we find a passage on experimentation which is established by the three methods, concordance, difference and concomitant variations, which are usually used in modern science.

AVICENNA philosopher:

The two books written by AVICENNA, Al Shifa (the book of healing the soul), and the book of science, place AVICENNA in the first rank of the great thinkers. In philosophy, his thought embraces all branches of Aristotelianism: logic, economics and politics, philosophy and religion and finally mysticism. In his works, he also approached all scientific fields, such as medicine, mathematics, astronomy, alchemy and astrology, geology and geography, mineralogy, herbalism, zoology, natural sciences. There is practically no scientific subject that he has not treated without subsequently arousing the interest of scientists. Philosophy, specified the object of his great work "Our intention is to put there the fruit of the sciences of the ancients that we have verified; sciences based on a firm deduction or an induction accepted by thinkers who have long sought the truth. I have tried to contain the greater part of philosophy ". Al Shifa is therefore presented as an encyclopedia grouping all the rational sciences, thus preceding our modern encyclopedias by six centuries. In Al Shifa, AVICENNA introduces research and personal hypotheses of great magnitude. The influence of AVICENNA in the West was so great that a movement was born and bore his name "Avicennise", which occupied a central place in the history of European thought. It was through him that the ideas and doctrines of the great thinkers of Greco-Latin antiquity (ARISTOTLE, PLATON, PLOTINUS, etc. .....) were transmitted to the thinkers of the medieval West at the same time as the original contribution of AVICENNA. Here are some of the European heirs: the Englishman Roger BACON (d.1294), the Scottish man John DUNS SCOT (one of the founders of scholastic philosophy, d. 1308), the German Saint ALBERTE the Great (d. 1280), the Italian Saint Thomas AQUINAS (the great theologian, d. 1225), the Englishman Geoffrey CHAUCER (d. 1400), etc...

The fame of AVICENNA's philosophy and medicine is so great that it tends to overshadow his contribution to the development of the natural sciences. And yet AVICENNA made intense efforts, both in physics and astronomy, as well as in mathematics and mineralogy, formulating a large number of original ideas that profoundly influenced the natural sciences of his time, and which remain current today. This is the case, for example, in the study of motion and the measurement of motion, an essential area of ​​physics, the distinction between the speed of light and that of sound. AVICENNA was the first to enunciate concepts such as "quantity of motion", "motive force" and "impulse" which entered into Western European mechanics in the 17th and 18th centuries. He is therefore at the head of a line of scholars: DESCARTES, HUYGHENS, LEIBNIZ, ALEMBERT, THOMSON, KIRKHOFF and others who have studied the problem of measuring movement at length. No one before DESCARTES had done so on a truly scientific basis. For modern science, AVICENNA's research on the problem of the space-time unit has lost none of its relevance. "Motion has two measurable quantities apart from its own: one is the length of its path.... the other the quantity.... are called time". AVICENNA's ideas on the origin of man were the most advanced of his time. Thus he asserts that the origin of man must be sought in an animal species. If AVICENNA was so often the first, it is because he devoted his entire life and activity, whether in the field of medicine or philosophy, poetry or literature, to the sole aim of making men better and happier. This is where he saw the purpose of philosophy. Judging it essential that there be "established standards of equity and law between men".

Mizhgona Sharofova – Tajikistan, Dushanbe

Head of the Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Experimental medicine CRIT NAST, Chief Researcher, Doctor of Medical Sciences

Massoud Mirshahi – France, Paris

Professor, Ph.D., М.D., Academician NAST

For more information:

• The UNESCO Courier, October 1980

• The Book of Science (Daneshnameh), AVICENNE, Translated by M. Achena and H. Massé, UNESCO collection, Publishing Company "Les belles lettres" Paris, 1986

• Al Shifa (the book of healing the soul), AVICENNE, (vol. I and II) Translated by: G.C. ANAWATI, Ed. Librairie Philosophique J. Varin, Paris, 1978.

• AVICENNE and the visionary story, Henry Corbin, Ed. Berg International, Paris, 1979.

• Абуали ибни Сино. Алвохия. Избранные произведения, Т.2, Душанбе: Ирфон, 1980. – С. 317-395 (на таджикском языке).

• Абу Али ибн Сина. Сочинения Т. пятый «аш-Шифа» - "Исцеление". Душанбе: Дониш, 2010 - С. 41-700.

•Абу Али ибн Сина (Авиценна). Сочинения. Том первый. «Донишнаме» (Книга Знания). Душанбе: Дониш, 2005 - С. 221-577.

• Абу Али ибн Сина. Книга спасения. Сочинения, том III. Душанбе: Дониш, 2010. – С. 30-600.

• Абу Али ибн Сина. Сочинения. Том четвёртый. Философские, естественно научные и медицинские трактаты. Душанбе: Дониш, 2008. – 1002 С.

•Нуралиев Ю.Н. Медицина эпохи Саманидов. Душанбе: Деваштич, - 2003. – 197 С.

• Нуралиев Ю.Н. Медицинская система Ибн Сины (Авиценны). Душанбе, РТ: Дониш; 2005. - 300 С.