The initiatives of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon in the field of water and climate proved to the world that water plays an effective role in relations between countries.

On March 22-24, 2023, the United Nations Conference on the Comprehensive Review of the Mid-Term Goals of the International Decade of Action "Water for Sustainable Development", 2018-2028, was held in New York, United States of America.

The next visit of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon, was different from his other visits to the headquarters of the most influential organization in the world - the UN, in that it was on two important human dates. - Navruz International Day and World Water Day have coincided. These two phenomena, which should be called the source of human life, are interconnected and inextricably linked. Along with soil, wind and fire, water is one of the four eternal elements, the greatest miracle and the most precious wealth of the Earth, and the existence of life in the biosphere depends on its existence.

This conference can be considered a great historic gathering of world countries, because the first UN Conference on water issues was held in Argentina. So, after almost half a century (46 years), the second UN Conference was held under the title of the mid-term Comprehensive Review of the goals of the International Decade of Action "Water for Sustainable Development", 2018-2028. Official delegations of UN member countries, including 110 delegations led by ministers, leaders and representatives of more than 100 regional and international organizations, took part in its work.

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, King of the Netherlands Willem Alexander and President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon were appointed as the chairmen of the Conference. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, opened the conference and gave a speech. The leaders of the nation stated that Tajikistan has been leading water-related issues in the world development agenda for more than two decades. Due to the initiatives of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, the General Assembly of the United Nations has adopted nine resolutions on water issues, the implementation of which helps to prevent and solve water problems.

This is why water is the most sacred and precious resource of nature. The Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon, has given us the following task: “Water is the treasure of nature, protect it and cherish it”. At the initiative of our President HonorableEmomali Rahmon, the United Nations declared 2003 as the "Year of Fresh Water" and called the following years, 2005-2015, the International Decade of Action for “Water for Life”. 2018-2028 is the International Decade of Action "Water for Sustainable Development".

At the suggestion of the Head of our state, measures are being taken to ensure that drinking water is not wasted, and to protect it. Now the leaders of the countries are trying to leave this precious treasure of taste to the next generation of the Earth in its original form.

Water is also a source of healing for the sick. Abu'ali ibn Sina said that water preserves health. In terms of the number of healing springs, Tajikistan ranks first among other countries. Water is the source of life. All creatures on Earth need and benefit from water. As poet said:

It is water and life is permanent.

There is water, land, cultivation and work.

The product of the whole world.

It is because of the grace of the water.

In fact, the greenery of nature, gardens, roads, mountains and fields is made of water. We know that water is the main substance in living organisms. No creature can live without water.

From these words, I came to the conclusion that water is a gift of nature. It should be protected from waste and unnecessary savings. Let's not let a single drop of it go to waste.

Buriev Umed Rustamovich 2nd year master's degree in International Relations, Institute for Asian and European Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a new period began in the political and economic life of the former union republics, including Tajikistan. The former union republics became independent in 1991, and this led to each state adopting its flag as a symbol of statehood, sovereignty and state independence.

On November 24, 1992, the fateful 16th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan adopted the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan "On Approval of the Regulation on the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan". Our State Flag, along with the Constitution, the National Anthem and Emblem, is considered one of the main state symbols and sacred objects.

In the modern world, having a state flag is a sign of independence and one of the main symbols of statehood and national unity.

During the period of independence of the Republic of Tajikistan, the adoption of the State Flag gave new content to the political process of the Government of the country, the life and mentality of the people of Tajikistan. Today's society of the country has acquired great faith and confidence in the historical value and spiritual influence of the State Flag, which is considered a very important and valuable manifestation of the Tajik nation during the period of independence of the country.

Today, the State Flag is the main symbol of statehood, the embodiment of historical foundations, a rich and valuable national heritage, the expression of the goals and aspirations of the Tajik people, in fact, it reflects the high patriotism and pride of the people of Tajikistan.

The swaying of this sacred symbol in the space of independent Tajikistan is considered a holiday of freedom, unity and justice, which Tajiks formed as a civilized nation on the basis of such salutary and creative values. The swaying of the State Flag in front of government offices, enterprises and institutions, organizations and others is a sign of the existence of peaceful life in the country.

It should be noted that today the State Flag has become a very important factor in raising national feelings, self-awareness, and pride of patriotism of the citizens of independent Tajikistan. The State Flag of Tajikistan embodies the dreams and aspirations of the Tajik people, whose characteristics are expressed in its colours. Respect for the State Flag is a source of pride for the national statehood and the policy of the current Government of Tajikistan. The flag as a special symbol of independence, patriotism, sovereignty and a symbol of the existence of the nation deserves respect and veneration from every patriotic citizen.

According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan dated November 20, 2009, in order to respect and appreciate, as well as loyalty to one of the main state symbols - the flag of Tajikistan, the Day of the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan is celebrated every year on November 24.

Today, this sacred national symbol guides people, young and old, to moral work, construction and prosperity, strengthening the potential of the state and increasing its authority in the global platform. In this direction, a special role belongs to the youth of our country. With their achievements and successes in the field of science, culture and sports, they raise the flag of the Tajik state not only within the country, but also abroad at world-class events and championships.

It is especially worth noting that thanks to the state independence and the wise policy of the Leader of the Nation Emomali Rahmon, for the first time the State Flag of Tajikistan was raised before the United Nations and other influential international organizations and proclaimed the existence of the Tajik nation.

The State Flag of Tajikistan, which is fluttering at a height of 165 meters in the capital of our dear country - Dushanbe, has become a source of pride for every patriot of the country and a sightseeing for local people and guests from abroad. Undoubtedly, the raising of the world's highest State Flag with a complex of administrative and cultural buildings gave the city of Dushanbe a new beauty, and its place was named "Flag Square".

It should be recalled with pride and satisfaction that now the people of our country, especially our young and far-sighted generation, supported the constructive policy of the Government of the country and are well aware that respect for national symbols, including the State Flag, means pride for an independent state, paying tribute to the historical past of the Tajik nation. It carries our antiquity and selfless work for the sake of the prosperous future of our beloved Motherland. It is worth noting that the people of Tajikistan, with the support of the wise policy of the Founder of peace and national unity, the Leader of the Nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon, have achieved peace and tranquility, political stability and national unity under the national flag. We will continue to move forward under this sacred national symbol with the full support of the creative and constructive policy of the leader of the nation to further enhance the status and rank of the Tajik nation, protect and pay tribute to the precious culture and heritage of the civilized Tajik nation in a free, democratic, legal and secular society.

Therefore, we must constantly strive to elevate this sacred statesymbol on the world arena. The State Flag represents the Republic of Tajikistan. We are proud of our State Flag, and it will remain fluttering forever.

Salimov Akbar - Institute for Asian and European studies, National Academy of sciences of Tajikistan

President's Day in Tajikistan is a significant event celebrated each year on November 16.

Emomali Rahmon became president in 1994, and under his leadership, Tajikistan has made considerable progress in various areas, including political stability, economic development, and social reforms. His presidency has been marked by efforts to unite the diverse population of Tajikistan, which is home to various ethnic groups and cultures. President's Day is a time when citizens express gratitude for the stability that has been established and consider how they can contribute to the nation's future.

The celebrations on President's Day are filled with various events that showcase Tajikistan's rich cultural heritage. Local schools often organize cultural programs that highlight the history and traditions of Tajikistan. Students participate in these events by performing traditional dances, singing folk songs, and reciting poetry that reflects their national pride.

In addition to parades and performances, speeches play an essential role in the celebrations. Government officials and community leaders address the public, sharing messages of unity, progress, and the importance of working together for a better future. These speeches often emphasize the values of cooperation and resilience, reminding citizens of their shared responsibility in building a stronger nation.

Moreover, President's Day also serves as a reminder of the challenges that Tajikistan faces. While the country has made strides in various sectors, issues such as poverty, unemployment, and environmental concerns remain. Citizens are encouraged to think critically about these challenges and work collectively towards solutions. Through educational initiatives and community dialogues, the spirit of President's Day inspires individuals to act and contribute positively to their society.

The Republic of Tajikistan has achieved significant milestones in peace, stability, and national unity, due to the strong leadership and initiatives of the President his Excellency Emomali Rahmon. His dedication has been instrumental in establishing a new statehood and legal framework for the country, marking him as the Former of National Peace and Unity.

The Founder of peace and national unity- Leader of the nation his Excellency Emomali Rahmon’s constructive proposals, articulated in elegant Tajik language at international forums such as the United Nations, have resonated with Tajik globally, fostering a sense of pride and solidarity. His leadership has been pivotal in aligning the nation’s strategic goals with the aspirations of its people, reinforcing the importance of national laws and stability. Through these efforts, the foundation of peace and unity has been solidified, ensuring a cohesive and prosperous future for Tajikistan.

In the years when Tajikistan gained independence, the country turned to the foundations of its statehood, and first of all, to the conduct of foreign policy, which faced a completely different world politics. At the beginning of the formation of its independence, the republic was engulfed in an imposed civil war, and in these difficult conditions a balanced policy was formed, which was supposed to ensure the stability of the state and the cohesion of the nation, a firm political position of the country in the international arena. Fortunately, at this predetermining stage, thanks to the efforts of the country's leadership, Tajikistan became a full member of the international community, and today Tajikistan has been officially recognized by 180 countries of the world, and diplomatic relations have been established with 126 of them. The Republic of Tajikistan is an active member of 51 organizations, including international and regional, as well as international financial institutions. As a result of lengthy negotiations, an end was put to the civil war - after a five-year armed confrontation, the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan was signed, which is a unique national achievement since independence. Today, the experience of Tajiks in achieving peace is recognized by the world community, it is studied in schools.

Achievements of Tajikistan in cooperation with UNESCO on cultural heritage:

- in 2002, the capital of Tajikistan, the city of Dushanbe, became a laureate of the UNESCO City of Peace award;

- in 2003, the classical music of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan "Shashmakom" was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of mankind;

- in 2010, by the decision of the 34th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, one of the oldest settlements on the territory of Tajikistan - Sarazm was included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List;

- in 2013, by the decision of the 36th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, the National Park of Tajikistan - the Pamir Mountains was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List;

- in 2013 in Paris at the headquarters of UNESCO there was a presentation of the book "Architect of the World", dedicated to the valuable contribution of the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon to the establishment of lasting peace in the country;

- In 2013, UNESCO awarded the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon with the jubilee medal "60th Anniversary of UNESCO" for his continued commitment to the goals of strengthening lasting peace, promoting sustainable development, in particular through initiatives to develop cooperation in the water sector, international dialogue, the exchange of scientific achievements and accelerated implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals; - in 2013 in Paris, during the 37th session of the General Conference of UNESCO, the celebrations of the 3000th anniversary of Gissar, the 700th anniversary of Mir Said Ali Hamadoni (in cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran) and the 600 anniversary of Abdurahman Jami.

Tajikistan has agreements on cultural exchange with many countries of the world.

International cultural exchanges, days and seasons of culture make it possible to increase the Tajik cultural presence abroad through the implementation of large-scale long-term projects that make it possible to emphasize the special role of Tajikistan in the world cultural space. As part of this policy, the legal framework for interaction is being improved, large-scale projects are being implemented in the format of Weeks and Days of Tajik Culture, exchange festivals, exhibitions, concerts and other events that help to consolidate the information and cultural presence of Tajikistan in the world.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz- Doctor of philology, professor Head of the Department of Foreign languages of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan,

Gulbarg Dodikhudoeva B - the teacher of the Department of Foreign languages of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

The Founder of Peace and National Unity – Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan introduced into the science of international relations such a new concept as “water diplomacy”, which accumulates all subsequent initiatives and ideas regarding the use of water resources in the world. All global initiatives of Tajikistan, such as the International Decade of Action “Water for Life, 2005-2015”, the International Year of Clean Water (2003), the International Year of Water Cooperation (2013) and the International Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028”, made a significant contribution to the field of international relations. “All these initiatives pursued only one goal – the creation of a universal and multifunctional platform for discussing and finding optimal and rational ways to solve problems and challenges related to water resources.

The authors of all these global water initiatives are the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon, who, with his constructive ideas in the field of international water use, has increased the international image of not only Tajikistan, but also the entire Central Asia. As Emomali Rahmon noted: “Water plays a vital role in the development of humanity. From time immemorial, people have settled near water sources that bring life and prosperity. Indeed, water is the source of life, and humanity has always praised and celebrated it as a sacred resource. In the current context of rapid population growth, economic development and the impact of other challenges that create additional stress on natural resources, the value of water will increase many times over.” Therefore, the formation of a constructive water dialogue and the development of water diplomacy can create conditions for long-term partnerships between countries in water use and prevent future water conflicts.”

Tajikistan, led by Emomali Rahmon, confidently demonstrating political leadership and at the same time its responsibility, is creating conditions for further consolidation of the efforts of all stakeholders, especially world political leaders, in adopting and implementing measures aimed at ensuring sustainable management and use of water resources. The International Group of Friends on Water, initiated by Tajikistan, today unites about 50 member countries and makes a positive contribution to the discussion of water problems and the adoption of relevant decisions within the UN and other international organizations. Thanks to the special merit of Emomali Rahmon, Tajikistan is positioning itself today as an important global player in solving water problems at the global and regional levels.

Over the years of independence, Tajikistan, led by the Leader of the Nation Emomali Rahmon, has contributed to the fair and fraternal distribution of water resources to all its neighbors, since about 60% of the water reserves of Central Asia have been accumulated in our country. Feeling its global responsibility for the fate of the Central Asian region, Tajikistan co-founded the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea and its two commissions – ICWC and ICSD, which provide a platform for discussing the most important transboundary water issues in the region.

Based on the above, I can declare with great responsibility that the water initiatives proposed by our President and their support at the international level have increased not only the image of Tajikistan, but also its Leader, Emomali Rahmon, in the eyes of the world community. These initiatives will have a positive impact on further cooperation and implementation of water diplomacy in the world.

Also Read: Status of Dushanbe Water Process in Regional, Global Integration

The President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon today is a generally recognized and influential world political Leader who is able not only to determine the agenda of international politics, but also to solve pressing global issues. The same opinion is shared by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, who visited our country in 2017 and was impressed by the water potential of Tajikistan. He highly appreciated the global initiatives of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon. At the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly in connection with the beginning of the International Decade for Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028”, the first, as the main initiator of the adoption of the new International Decade, was the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon, who officially opened the new water decade. He launched the implementation of another initiative of Tajikistan throughout the planet.

It is also important to note that on June 20-22, 2018, the High-Level International Conference on the International Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028” will be organized in Dushanbe. I think that thanks to the global initiatives of President Emomali Rahmon, many international projects will be implemented in the near future aimed at improving people’s access to water, especially in densely populated countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

In December 2022, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted at its 77th session the resolution “2025 – International Year of Glacier Conservation”, put forward by the Republic of Tajikistan.

The next initiative of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, respected Emomali Rahmon, was supported by 153 member states of this organization. The adoption of such an important and useful resolution for the modern world community has become a source of pride for all Tajiks of the world.

Based on this resolution, March 21 was declared the International Day for the Preservation of Glaciers, and 2025 – the International Year for the Preservation of Glaciers, and also ratified the decision at the UN to create an International Trust Fund for Contribution to the Preservation of Glaciers and to hold an International Conference on the Preservation of Glaciers in the city in 2025 Dushanbe. This initiative of the Leader of the Nation is truly of great importance for humanity and our planet, since it is aimed at preserving nature and water resources, the life of humanity on our planet as a whole.

Also Read: Tajik President Emomali’s Key Water Initiatives

The role of glaciers in the evolution of the Earth and humanity is very significant. The development of the geographical environment of the globe is determined by the balance of heat and humidity, which strongly depends on the process of formation and change of glaciers.

Glaciers influence the Earth’s climate when air temperatures drop and precipitation increases. Therefore, it is necessary that humanity prevent the melting of glaciers. If glaciers melt, the average annual temperature of the Earth may increase and negatively affect human life. Moreover, glaciers are the main source of drinking water and constitute the only fresh water reserve on the planet. This reality is extremely important not only for the population of the Earth, but also for animals and plants. Glaciers create new rivers, without which it is impossible to develop crop production and provide humanity with food in the world.

In recent decades, the world has seen an increase in the average temperature balance. This phenomenon is due to the “greenhouse effect”, which is associated with air pollution. The end of all this is the melting of glaciers and a significant reduction in their area.

Today, glaciers around the world are rapidly shrinking. It is estimated that by 2100, half of the world’s mountain glaciers will disappear. About 1.5-2 billion people living in different countries in Asia, Europe and America are experiencing difficulties with water shortages, and rivers coming from glaciers are drying up. At the same time, the level of seas and oceans is rising, and lands near the coasts are being flooded. And this catastrophic phenomenon has a bad effect on the development of crops and people’s lives. That is, the melting of glaciers brings humanity face to face with the growth of global environmental problems.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the world community’s attention to solving global environmental problems has increased significantly. This phenomenon arises due to the fact that humanity is beginning to understand the problem of reducing supplies of clean air and water. This is confirmed by authoritative international organizations. Research shows an alarming picture of the state of natural resources and their prospects.

One of the global threats to human life is the reduction of water resources. The problem of water use in the world is becoming an important factor affecting the economy and socialization, as well as ensuring regional and national security. The volume of water consumption has also increased following the increase in population on planet Earth. However, water resources are being reduced more and more.

“Worldwide water consumption, including in industry, has been growing rapidly over the past more than 100 years. According to the United Nations, about 700 million people in 43 countries around the world live in conditions of fresh water scarcity.

According to scientists, by 2025, up to 3 billion people will be left without drinking and household water unless emergency measures are taken. Around the period from 2035 to 2045, the volume of clean water consumed will be equal to its reserves. According to documents, only 2.5% of the available water in the earth is fresh and potable.

Lack of clean water can lead to serious social problems related to human health. According to the World Bank, 88% of diseases in the world are associated with poor drinking water quality and lack of water for purification.

Also Read: New Book on Xi’s Water Management Strategies

Human history is evidence that water shortages lead to armed conflicts between states. Over the past decade, similar conflicts have occurred in 46 countries with a population of 2.7 billion people, and there is a serious threat of political instability in 56 countries with a population of 1.2 billion people. Especially as the state of the environment deteriorates, the conflict between states in the regions of the Near and Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa will intensify.”

Limited water resources in river basins increase competition between countries. The likelihood of disagreements based on economic interests between neighboring states located at the sources and in the delta of rivers increases significantly. Under these conditions, the contradiction associated with water shortages takes on an international character, and the possible consequences of the struggle between states are very difficult to predict.

Today, the world community needs a modern policy regarding water and scientifically based ways and methods of solving its problems. In this context, water policy should be considered one of the main directions of government policy. It should be the main tool for ensuring the socio-economic development of the state and achieving national goals.

Today, an in-depth study of the issues of solving water problems, related fair policies in the Central Asian region, understanding its role and influence on modern geopolitical processes in the region are very relevant and important.

The purpose of presenting these points is to explain the content and essence of President Emomali on issues related to water and its effective and rational use, and their key goal, in our opinion, is to solve one of the main problems of humanity, that is, liberation from the water crisis.

In the era of globalization, the modern world is experiencing severe political, financial, economic, moral and cultural crises, and the turning point associated with clean water is one of the most important and complex of them.

As the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon noted during his speech at the opening ceremony of the Second High-Level International Conference on the International Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018 – 2028” in June 2022 in Dushanbe, Tajikistan has suffered hundreds of millions of dollars from global warming. According to the Head of State, climate change and its consequences cause enormous damage to the economy of the republic, since Tajikistan is a mountainous state with a large number of glaciers.

As a result of this process, there has been an unprecedented increase in floods, glacier collapses, droughts and other natural disasters. Over the past few decades, more than a thousand glaciers have melted in Tajikistan, and the largest glacier in the world on land, Fedchenko, located in our country, has shrunk by 16 cubic kilometers in volume and 45 square kilometers in area. In this regard, the Government of Tajikistan adopted the State Program for the Study and Conservation of Glaciers for the period until 2030. In order to monitor these processes and take measures to adapt them, the government of Tajikistan created the Center for the Study of Glaciers at the National Academy of Sciences. It is worth noting that the area of ​​glaciers makes up eight percent of the country’s territory.

Therefore, the next international initiative of the Leader of the Nation to preserve glaciers in the world is a logical continuation of initiatives related to the conservation of water resources in the world. At the initiative of the respected Emomali Rahmon, the United Nations declared 2003 the International Year of Freshwater, 2005-2015 the International Decade “Water for Life”, 2013 the International Year of Cooperation in the Field of Water, 2018-2028 the International Decade “Water for Sustainable Development”, whose goal is to improve water use and ensure equity in access to drinking water globally, including in Central Asia. Tajikistan’s international initiatives, supported by the UN and countries around the world, have helped solve water problems both globally and in individual countries.

In this regard, holding a constructive dialogue on the topic of water, developing water diplomacy, new initiatives related to water resources, such as the declaration of “2025 – the International Year of Glacier Protection”, can create conditions for long-term cooperation between countries in the field of water resources use and avoid conflicts related to this problem in the future.

This Resolution highlights the importance of glaciers to human development prospects and the serious impact of their rapid melting on climate, the environment, human health and sustainable development.

It should be noted that for the first time in 2009, at a meeting of the parties on climate change in Denmark, as well as at high-level meetings in France, Switzerland, America, and then in March 2021, during the first meeting of the leaders of the Water-Climate Coalition, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, dear Emomali Rakhmon emphasized that the rapid melting of glaciers, along with excessive water consumption, which is associated with population growth and economic development, has a disappointing outcome.

It was emphasized that the consequences of global warming and the reduction of glaciers, especially in mountainous areas, lead to tragic phenomena at the geopolitical, geocultural and geostrategic levels of the modern world.

That is why the new creative initiative of President Emomali Rahmon to declare “2025 the International Year of Glacier Preservation” and on March 21 of each year to celebrate the “International Glacier Preservation Day”, as well as the creation of a “Special International Glacier Preservation Fund” aimed at saving humanity, should be is fully supported and is the path to a bright future for the Earth and humanity.

In conclusion, let us recall that Tajikistan, led by the respected Emomali Rahmon, has established itself as a world-class political initiator and at the same time responsible, creating conditions for uniting the efforts of all stakeholders, especially political leaders of the world, in adopting and implementing measures to ensure sustainable governance water resources, glacier protection.

Thanks to world-class initiatives and the special merits of the respected Emomali Rahmon, today Tajikistan is known as the most important and key player in the world in solving global problems at the global and regional levels.

Professor Rustam Haidarzoda is the Director of the Institute for the Study of Problems of Asian and European Countries at the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.

With increasing globalization, states are increasingly faced with foreign interference and pressure in their domestic and foreign policies. Today, most states are “officially” sovereign and face serious pressure from other states, military blocs, political and international organizations.

With the development of globalization processes, the sphere of action of states is narrowing. In foreign policy, it is almost impossible to create interstate relations without the participation of third countries and international organizations. It is impossible to imagine a conflict between two states without the intervention of a third party. Domestic policy issues go beyond the domestic framework and are taken to the international level.

The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan is a critical document that establishes the legal and political framework of the country. Adopted on November 6, 1994, it serves as the supreme law, guiding the government’s structure, the division of powers, and the rights and freedoms of the citizens of Tajikistan. The Constitution embodies the principles of democracy, rule of law, social justice, and human rights, which are essential to the country's governance and its citizens' well-being.

Key Significance of the Constitution of Tajikistan:

1. Foundation of State Sovereignty and Independence: The Constitution officially declares Tajikistan as an independent and sovereign state, setting it apart from its past as part of the Soviet Union. This sovereignty is key to the country's identity and allows it to exercise independent domestic and foreign policy.

2. Separation of Powers: The Constitution outlines a government structure based on the principle of separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This system is intended to provide checks and balances that prevent abuse of power and ensure a fair and just governance.

3. Guarantee of Human Rights and Freedoms: Tajikistan's Constitution guarantees various civil liberties and rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to personal security. These rights are protected to promote individual dignity and provide citizens with fundamental freedoms, though challenges in the application of these rights remain.

4. Establishment of the Rule of Law: As the supreme law, the Constitution enforces the rule of law, meaning that all laws, policies, and governmental actions must align with its principles. This ensures that the government operates within legal boundaries and aims to promote fairness in its interactions with citizens.

5. Stability and Development: The Constitution provides a framework for the country’s long-term political stability and social development. By establishing norms for political participation and governance, it contributes to a stable environment, which is crucial for economic growth and social cohesion.

6. National Unity and Cultural Identity: Emphasizing Tajikistan’s unique cultural heritage, the Constitution also aims to promote national unity and respect for the country's diverse ethnic groups. This commitment to cultural identity plays a significant role in fostering national pride and unity among citizens.

7. Guidance for Amendments and Reforms: The Constitution of Tajikistan includes provisions for its own amendment, allowing it to adapt to changing political, social, and economic conditions. This adaptability is essential for the country’s growth and modernization while remaining aligned with its foundational principles.

Overall, the Constitution of Tajikistan is a vital document that not only defines the structure and functions of government but also sets the vision for the country’s future. It serves as a cornerstone for Tajikistan’s sovereignty, stability, and commitment to upholding the rights and welfare of its people.

Additional Points on the Significance of the Constitution of Tajikistan

1. Framework for Democratic Governance:

Although Tajikistan is a presidential republic, the Constitution establishes a democratic system where leaders are elected, and citizens have the right to participate in government through voting. It outlines the procedures for presidential, parliamentary, and local elections, ensuring that citizens have a voice in the government’s composition. This democratic framework, though with some limitations, plays a key role in fostering civic engagement and political participation.

2. Protection of Social and Economic Rights:

Beyond civil liberties, the Constitution recognizes and safeguards social and economic rights. These include rights to work, social security, education, and healthcare. By addressing these fundamental needs, the Constitution emphasizes the government’s responsibility to protect the well-being and prosperity of its citizens, ensuring a foundation for social stability.

3. Environmental Protection and Resource Management:

The Constitution emphasizes the protection of the natural environment, which is especially relevant for Tajikistan, given its mountainous terrain and reliance on agriculture and hydropower. Article 13 of the Constitution specifically states that natural resources are the property of the state, and their use should consider environmental sustainability. This focus on environmental stewardship aims to protect resources for future generations while addressing current needs.

4. Religious Freedom and Secularism:

Tajikistan's Constitution establishes the country as a secular state, ensuring a separation between religion and government. While it acknowledges the role of Islam and other religions in society, it prohibits the state from enforcing or endorsing any specific religion. This provision helps maintain religious tolerance and freedom, creating a framework for peaceful coexistence among various religious groups.

5. Gender Equality and Women’s Rights:

The Constitution upholds principles of gender equality, ensuring that men and women are equal before the law. It provides a legal foundation to promote women’s rights and counteract discrimination. Although challenges remain in achieving full gender equality, the constitutional commitment to this principle is crucial for promoting women's participation in social, economic, and political life.

6. Guiding Role in Legal System and Judiciary:

The Constitution serves as the cornerstone of Tajikistan’s legal system. It provides the foundation for the development of laws, codes, and regulations governing the judiciary. Judges are expected to interpret and apply laws based on the Constitution’s principles, aiming to ensure fairness and consistency in judicial rulings. The constitutional emphasis on judicial independence is crucial for upholding justice and protecting citizens' rights against potential abuses of power.

7. National Security and Territorial Integrity:

The Constitution asserts Tajikistan’s commitment to preserving its national security and territorial integrity. It emphasizes the role of the state in protecting the nation from external threats and maintaining internal order. In a region with a complex political landscape, this focus on security is vital for Tajikistan’s sovereignty and stability.

8. Foreign Policy and International Cooperation:

The Constitution allows Tajikistan to pursue a peaceful and cooperative foreign policy. It emphasizes respect for international law and treaties, which is important for the country’s diplomatic relations and its integration into the global community. Tajikistan’s Constitution also provides a legal basis for cooperation with international organizations on issues such as human rights, environmental protection, and security.

Amendments and Constitutional Reform

The Constitution of Tajikistan has undergone several amendments since its adoption. These amendments are designed to reflect the changing political, social, and economic context. For example, amendments have been made regarding presidential term limits and the role of political parties. The ability to amend the Constitution allows Tajikistan to adapt to new challenges while preserving core principles.

Conclusion

In summary, the Constitution of Tajikistan is foundational to the country’s identity, sovereignty, and governance. It provides a comprehensive legal and political framework that protects citizens’ rights, supports economic and social development, and promotes democratic values. While challenges remain in fully implementing some of its principles, the Constitution serves as a crucial guide for Tajikistan’s ongoing development as an independent and stable nation.

Thus, the process of globalization affects the sovereignty of the state in both domestic and foreign policy and causes significant changes in the development of the state. In the context of globalization, the issue of possible restrictions on state sovereignty becomes relevant for Tajikistan, which is actively involved in the process of shaping foreign policy and the national economy. In modern conditions, with the increasing influence of factors influencing politics, economics, social life and the ideology of society, the importance of independence for the preservation of language, historical memory, national identity and national culture is extremely important, and the future of the nation and the very existence of the Tajik state can only be stable under political independence.

At the same time, one of the main factors in protecting independence is understanding its significance, studying the historical path traversed by the Tajik people to achieve independence, teaching children and youth the great cultural, literary and scientific heritage of the Tajik people to form national self-knowledge and a sense of patriotism.

As the Founder of peace and national unity-Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, His Excellency Emomali Rahmon noted: “In the context of globalization, expanding geopolitical competition, escalation of dangerous manifestations of extremism and terrorism, and other global problems, a thorough study of philosophical, legal, social, political, moral and spiritual views is the need of the time. The study of the material and intangible culture of a nation should be a priority area of scientific research.”

Therefore, we must unite around the Leader of the Nation and act together to develop national statehood and protect independence.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz - Head of the Department of Foreign languages of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Doctor of philology, professor

«Our political goal is to build a democratic and law-based state. Here, the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, as the supreme document of the nation and a stable pillar of peace and unity, will be our eternal guide», said the honorable President of our country, Emomali Rahmon.

One of the great achievements of the period of independence of the Republic of Tajikistan is the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, which took place in 1994.

Now, in the Constitution as well as changes in society, there have been radical changes. Of course, the reason for this great historical event was the need of the times, the progress of society and the independence of our dear country Tajikistan.

Thanks to the adoption of the Constitution of Tajikistan as a full-fledged subject of international relations, the people of Tajikistan were recognized as a constructive, peace-loving and cultured people. This sacred and fateful document, like a burning lamp, will illuminate the way of development of the independent state of Tajiks and its people for centuries.

Thanks to the 16th Session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan, preparation and adoption of the Constitution of the new era took place. As a result, on November 6, 1994, this constitution was accepted by the majority of people through a national referendum, and this historical day was established as the day of the Constitution in Tajikistan.

The Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan consists of a preamble, 10 chapters and not 100 articles. The Constitution is the most important and reliable document of the destiny of every nation.

The Constitution was able to express the interests of the Tajik people, reflect the interests of the workers, and represent Tajiks on the world stage. The Constitution played an important role in achieving peace, harmony and complete unity of the Tajiks. This fateful document was named by international experts among the five best and most popular Constitutions of the member states of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

In conclusion, it is a matter of pride that the Constitution of the country became the support and guide of the Tajik people. The duty of every citizen of the republic is to respect the Constitution.

Of course, the role of the President of the country, Emomali Rahmon, is extremely important in the development and preparation of the Constitution of the period of independence of Tajikistan. So, the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan turns 29 years old, and people proudly celebrate November 6 as the day of adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan every year.

As the honorable leader of the nation, Emomali Rahmon, emphasized: “Our constitution is like a guiding light that guides the society to a good future. It is the axis that unites all the creative forces of the country in the spirit of respect for the law.”

Nurullozoda Hangomai Mirzosharif – doctoral student, PhD, Department of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography namedA. Donish National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan. Address: Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe;

This year, the Republic of Tajikistan celebrates the 33rd anniversary of its national independence. On September 9, 1991, a significant historical event occurred when the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan adopted the decree "On the National Independence of the Republic of Tajikistan," declaring that "the Republic of Tajikistan is an independent, democratic, and lawful state."

The concept of sovereignty, once belonging to monarchs, now applies to states, ensuring their supreme and independent actions in both internal and external affairs. Jean Bodin, a 16th-century French publicist, is considered the founder of the theory of sovereignty. He provided the first clear definition of sovereignty, which served as a foundation for subsequent scientific studies in this field. However, the roots of the idea of sovereignty trace back to earlier times, during the development of feudalism and the emergence of new national states.

The UN Declaration on the Principles of International Law uses two terms to describe the process of creating new states: sovereignty and independence. It specifically notes that "the creation of a sovereign and independent state, free association with an independent state, or union with it, or the establishment of any other political status freely determined by the people are forms of the exercise of the right to self-determination."

A nation's external sovereignty is characterized by complete autonomy, freedom, uniqueness, and individuality in relations with other states. Tajikistan's international activities entered a new chapter on September 9, 1991, marked by the adoption of the declaration of national independence, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of sovereign Tajikistan.

The declaration stated that "The Republic of Tajikistan acts independently in international relations as a subject of international law, striving in its actions for lasting peace, nuclear disarmament, the prevention of force in resolving disputes and contradictions between sovereign states, and developing cooperation among them to solve global problems facing humanity. The Republic of Tajikistan declares itself open to directly signing equal and mutually beneficial bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties, without infringing upon the interests of any sovereign states, with all partners, without any preconditions."

Foreign policy plays a significant role in the formation and development of Tajikistan as a sovereign independent state. One of the main challenges facing the Republic is maintaining a balance between globalization and the country's national interests. It is believed that the sovereignty and independence of each country must be truly recognized as fundamental norms of international life. On this path, tremendous work has been done, and today Tajikistan is recognized as an independent state by more than 150 countries worldwide.

The main long-term goals of Tajikistan's foreign policy should consist of creating favorable external conditions for the country's sustainable, multifaceted development, further growth as a sovereign independent state, reaching agreements, and finding common interests with foreign countries and international organizations in addressing tasks defined by the priorities of the country's foreign policy.

The basic principles of the Republic of Tajikistan's foreign policy are reflected in the Declaration of National Sovereignty and the Constitution, based on an open-door policy, multi-vector orientation, realism, maintaining balance, and practicality. The main goal is to ensure national security and protect the national and state interests of the Republic of Tajikistan.

In shaping foreign policy parameters, it is considered that globalization processes, which are developing at a particularly high pace, have a noticeable impact on all spheres of the country's public life. Tajikistan, guided by the highest interests of its people, joins international organizations, establishes ties with foreign countries, and cooperates with compatriots abroad. The Republic has been accepted as a full member of international and regional associations and organizations. Its sovereignty has been recognized by 150 countries, with 118 establishing diplomatic relations, and bilateral agreements on cooperation have been signed with 50 states. Additionally, 84 bilateral agreements have been signed, and two conventions have been ratified.

Tajikistan has officially been recognized by 200 countries, and diplomatic relations have been established with 126 of them. The Republic of Tajikistan is an active member of 51 organizations, including international and regional ones, as well as international financial institutions. Moreover, over 1,200 bilateral documents have been signed, covering cooperation in the fields of politics, economics, trade, military-technical issues, as well as security, science, culture, education, medicine, and tourism.

Today, Tajikistan remains committed to strengthening regional integration, joint efforts against threats, and addressing intra-regional issues, in line with its foreign policy priorities. Tajikistan's foreign policy course is characterized by interest in the further development of equal cooperation with foreign countries and the international community as a whole.

A multi-vector policy – independent and sovereign – supports Tajikistan's ability to engage in balanced cooperation and use opportunities beneficial to its national interests. However, certain negative effects of globalization, such as international terrorism, illegal drug trafficking, and organized crime, pose serious threats to Tajikistan's national security.

Tajikistan has always adhered to a balanced foreign policy approach aimed at ensuring national interests, achieving sustainable economic development, and improving the living standards and well-being of its population. For this reason, Tajikistan will likely continue its course of developing relations with all states, in line with the objectives of safeguarding the country's national interests.

In addition to establishing bilateral relations, particular importance is given to Tajikistan's efforts to join international structures for its entry into the global community. In this regard, Tajikistan has made significant efforts to participate in various international organizations that are of interest to the country's development.

In conclusion, Tajikistan's foreign policy, grounded in the principles of sovereignty and independence, has evolved significantly over the past three decades. By maintaining a balanced approach to international relations, the country has succeeded in protecting its national interests while engaging constructively with the international community. Tajikistan's commitment to a multi-vector foreign policy and regional cooperation demonstrates its ability to adapt to the changing dynamics of global politics while safeguarding its sovereignty. In the years to come, Tajikistan is likely to continue pursuing a foreign policy that balances national priorities with global responsibilities, ensuring its sovereignty remains intact in an increasingly interconnected world.

Doronshoeva Nekbakht Shoqosumovna,

Candidate of Political Sciences, Head US & Canadian Department Institute of Asian & European Studies Tajikistan National Academy of Sciences

“Independence is the highest sacred and roads are a blessing, a symbol of happiness and national identity, patriotic honor and glory, stability is familiar and state liquidity”.

Emomali Rahmon

The Republic of Tajikistan is a young Republic with a centuries-old history. As noted by the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, respected Emomali Rahmon, “September 9 for the ancient, creative and culture-honoring, glorious Tajik people is a historical, fateful date and one of the moments of happiness and high dignity”.

September 9 is an important and valuable date for every citizen of the republic, since it was on September 9, 1991, at the session of Shura Oli (Supreme Council) that the resolution “On state independence of the Republic of Tajikistan” was adopted with the wording: “The Republic of Tajikistan is an independent, democratic, legal state”.

In a few days, the Republic of Tajikistan celebrates the 33rd anniversary of independence. Over the years, our young Republic has many achievements and continues to develop only for the better. Since gaining independence, the Tajik nation, under the wise leadership of the Leader of the Nation, has achieved significant successes over 33 years, among which are:

The appearance of the Republic of Tajikistan on the political map of the world as an independent state, its full membership in the United Nations and the first speech of the head of the Tajik state - Leader of the Nation from the rostrum of this organization.

Election of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, respected Emomali Rahmon at the head of the state, thanks to which the civil war was continued, the constitutional system and all branches of power were restored, peace, unity and mutual understanding were ensured in the country, the achievement of peace by Tajiks in the world has become a unique example for the entire European Community.

The Republic of Tajikistan managed to maintain state and territorial integrity. The volume of agricultural production increases every year.

The Republic of Tajikistan today conducts an independent domestic and foreign policy, protects the national interests of the republic.

It should be emphasized that over the years of independence, the Republic of Tajikistan has achieved great heights in the fields of energy, industry, education, science and culture, construction of various kinds of structures, enterprises, plants and factories. It is important that thanks to the wise policy of the Leader of the nation, the status and role of Tajik women also increased during the years of independence, and at new stages it is impossible to imagine any area of ​​activity without the active participation of women. In particular, the contribution of women in the fields of science and education, culture and healthcare, law enforcement agencies and other spheres of the country’s socio-economic life is increasing and significant.

As the head of state noted: “Today a woman of Tajikistan is not only a mother, sister and wife, but also a politician, a successful leader, a real scientist, a good doctor, a successful businesswoman, an honest law enforcement officer, a defender of the Fatherland, a builder, a teacher and a nurse, being a source of pride for each of us." Every year, September 9 is widely celebrated in Tajikistan.

Various social and political events are taking place throughout the country. On this day, in accordance with the Regulations “On the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan,” the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan is hoisted.