AVICENNA, known in the Muslim world as Ibn Sina (born in 980), a Persian-Tajik philosopher and physician, is one of the most extraordinary figures in the entire history of civilization. A philosopher with encyclopedic knowledge, a scholar and experimenter, an eminent theoretician of Medicine, a clinician and practitioner, a poet and musician, he is the author of an immense body of work that deals with almost all areas of knowledge of his time. By his prodigious precocity, from a young age (ten to twelve years), he aroused the admiration of those around him; and later, at the age of eighteen, he proved his mastery in all the sciences of his time. The essential foundation of his biography is a small book written by his most faithful disciple, Gawzgani, who carefully collected the manuscripts of the master's great works. In the first part of his biography, he himself recounts his youth:

"My father was from Balkh (now Afghanistan-Southern Tajikistan) during the reign of Nuh ibn Mansur the Samanid. He went from Balkh to Bokhara (now Uzbekistan); he worked there in the administration, became prefect of Kharmaithan (province of Bukhara) ... Near Kharmaithan is a district called Afchaneh. He married my mother, Setareh, and settled there. We were born there, me, then my brother. Later we all went to Bukhara. I began the study of the Koran and literature. By the age of ten, I had mastered the Koran and a large part of literature, so much so that people were surprised.

My father was one of those who had responded favorably to the teaching provided by the Egyptians (the Fatimids); he was among the followers of Ismailism; he had accepted their opinions on the soul and on reason. My brother had done the same. Often, they discussed it; I listened to them, I understood what they said, and they undertook to attract me to their rite. Sometimes, too, they began to talk about philosophy, geometry and Indian calculation. Then, my father decided to send me to a vegetable merchant who knew this calculation, ......In the meantime, Nâtéli, who called himself a philosopher, came to Bukhara. My father put him up in the hope that he would teach me something. ... Before his arrival, I had familiarized myself with various methods of questioning and objection addressed to the interlocutor. ...Then, under the direction of Nâtéli, I undertook the reading of Porphyry...Nâtéli left me... I applied myself to reading and studying the natural sciences and metaphysics; and day by day, the doors of science opened before me. Then I devoted myself to Medicine and began to read the works on this science; as Medicine is not one of the difficult sciences, I promptly showed my superiority, so much so that eminent physicians studied it under my direction.

Moreover, I gave my care to the sick; thus the doors of treatment based on experience opened before me, in an indescribable manner. At the same time, I supported discussions and controversies of jurisprudence. At that time, I was sixteen years old. For a year and a half, I devoted myself more and more to study. I returned to that of logic and all the parts of philosophy. During all this time, I did not sleep a single whole night and, all day, I occupied myself with nothing other than the acquisition of sciences. I acquired great knowledge. ..... Whenever I found myself in difficulty before a problem or that I was unable to establish the middle term of a syllogism, I went to the mosque, I prayed to the absolute founder of the universe to reveal to me what was closed to me and to facilitate for me what was difficult. At that time, Prince Samanides was afflicted with a serious illness that the doctors could not cure... I presented myself and joined the other doctors to treat him; and I distinguished myself in his service ......... In my neighborhood lived a man... he asked me to compose for him a scientific encyclopedia....... I treated (Compendium) of all the sciences except mathematics; I was then twenty-one years old. I had another neighbor, he was without equal in jurisprudence .... I composed for him my book entitled "the sum and the product" nearly twenty fascicles, and for him also, I wrote on morality a book entitled "piety and sin". ..... In the meantime, my father died: my situation was upset and I had to enter the service of the prince. Forced by necessity, I left Bukhara...... »

Threatened by the powerful Sultan Mahmud (1001), AVICENNA left for Khârezm (south of Orale, currently in Uzbekistan) then to Khorasan (east of Iran), Gorgān (north of Iran), Ray (southwest of Tehran, Iran) and finally to Hamadān (west of Iran). In Gorgān he began one of his masterpieces "the Canon of Medicine". In 1014, he left Ray and settled near Hamadān. Preceded by his fame, AVICENNA was called to the bedside of Prince Shamsodawleh; The Emir chose him as Vazir (prime minister) and there he began another masterpiece, Al Shifa "the book of healing the soul", a true encyclopedia of philosophy. In 1021, his protector, the prince died and his son refused to reappoint AVICENNA as grand Vazir. The latter hid with a friend and during this period he practically completed al Shifa. A secret letter addressed to the prince of Isfahan was intercepted and revealed the place where AVICENNA was hiding, who was immediately arrested and thrown into prison with his disciple Gawzgani. During the four months he spent in prison, he wrote the story (the guided) and the remedy for heart diseases. At the end of a war between the prince of Isfahan and the prince of Hamadān, AVICENNA was released, but found himself forced to live in Hamadān. In 1023 he fled to Isfahan where he spent the last fourteen years of his life under the protection of the prince of Isfahan Alaadowleh. In Isfahan he studied astronomy and wrote, at the request of the prince, the book of science (Daneshnameh). He added a chapter on music to al Shifa.... He died in Hamadān in August 1037 at the age of 57.

AVICENNA Physician:

AVICENNA is the author of the Canon of Medicine, an encyclopedic treatise of a million words that served as a major reference work for six centuries. He is considered one of the greatest physicians of all time, earning him the title of "Prince of Medicines." The influence of the Canon was immense, translated into Latin a century later. Its popularity was so great that it was published sixteen times in the last thirty years of the 15th century and more than twenty times in the 16th century. It was still printed and read in the second half of the 17th century, and was regularly consulted by treating physicians. Until around 1650, it served as a textbook in the universities of Montpellier and Louvain. In Vienna and Frankfurt, the curriculum for medical studies in the 16th century was based largely on the Canon. A course on Avicenna's medicine continued to be taught at the University of Brussels until 1909. One of AVICENNA's great contributions to medicine concerns etiology. He believes that one can only know a thing completely if one takes into account the matter from which it is made, the "efficient cause" that gives it its form, the "formal cause" that determines its form and quality, and the "final box" or function for which it was created. For AVICENNA, the soul is that which, in accordance with the nature of the organism, acts as the ultimate determinant or active agent that governs its growth and activity. His fundamental thesis is therefore this: "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, man is a dynamic organism and each individual has a particular and unique temperament. His dynamism cannot be explained by analysis." From this concept, AVICENNA develops a theory according to which the disease must be explained according to the genetic structure of each individual, his temperament, his constitution, the power of his faculties, the influence of the environment, and the very effort of nature to restore or maintain his vital functions. The canon abounds in original observations made by AVICENNA during his medical practice. The part devoted to the pharmacopoeia describes some 760 medicines. AVICENNA outlines some methods of pharmacology. In this same part, we find a passage on experimentation which is established by the three methods, concordance, difference and concomitant variations, which are usually used in modern science.

AVICENNA philosopher:

The two books written by AVICENNA, Al Shifa (the book of healing the soul), and the book of science, place AVICENNA in the first rank of the great thinkers. In philosophy, his thought embraces all branches of Aristotelianism: logic, economics and politics, philosophy and religion and finally mysticism. In his works, he also approached all scientific fields, such as medicine, mathematics, astronomy, alchemy and astrology, geology and geography, mineralogy, herbalism, zoology, natural sciences. There is practically no scientific subject that he has not treated without subsequently arousing the interest of scientists. Philosophy, specified the object of his great work "Our intention is to put there the fruit of the sciences of the ancients that we have verified; sciences based on a firm deduction or an induction accepted by thinkers who have long sought the truth. I have tried to contain the greater part of philosophy ". Al Shifa is therefore presented as an encyclopedia grouping all the rational sciences, thus preceding our modern encyclopedias by six centuries. In Al Shifa, AVICENNA introduces research and personal hypotheses of great magnitude. The influence of AVICENNA in the West was so great that a movement was born and bore his name "Avicennise", which occupied a central place in the history of European thought. It was through him that the ideas and doctrines of the great thinkers of Greco-Latin antiquity (ARISTOTLE, PLATON, PLOTINUS, etc. .....) were transmitted to the thinkers of the medieval West at the same time as the original contribution of AVICENNA. Here are some of the European heirs: the Englishman Roger BACON (d.1294), the Scottish man John DUNS SCOT (one of the founders of scholastic philosophy, d. 1308), the German Saint ALBERTE the Great (d. 1280), the Italian Saint Thomas AQUINAS (the great theologian, d. 1225), the Englishman Geoffrey CHAUCER (d. 1400), etc...

The fame of AVICENNA's philosophy and medicine is so great that it tends to overshadow his contribution to the development of the natural sciences. And yet AVICENNA made intense efforts, both in physics and astronomy, as well as in mathematics and mineralogy, formulating a large number of original ideas that profoundly influenced the natural sciences of his time, and which remain current today. This is the case, for example, in the study of motion and the measurement of motion, an essential area of ​​physics, the distinction between the speed of light and that of sound. AVICENNA was the first to enunciate concepts such as "quantity of motion", "motive force" and "impulse" which entered into Western European mechanics in the 17th and 18th centuries. He is therefore at the head of a line of scholars: DESCARTES, HUYGHENS, LEIBNIZ, ALEMBERT, THOMSON, KIRKHOFF and others who have studied the problem of measuring movement at length. No one before DESCARTES had done so on a truly scientific basis. For modern science, AVICENNA's research on the problem of the space-time unit has lost none of its relevance. "Motion has two measurable quantities apart from its own: one is the length of its path.... the other the quantity.... are called time". AVICENNA's ideas on the origin of man were the most advanced of his time. Thus he asserts that the origin of man must be sought in an animal species. If AVICENNA was so often the first, it is because he devoted his entire life and activity, whether in the field of medicine or philosophy, poetry or literature, to the sole aim of making men better and happier. This is where he saw the purpose of philosophy. Judging it essential that there be "established standards of equity and law between men".

Mizhgona Sharofova – Tajikistan, Dushanbe

Head of the Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Experimental medicine CRIT NAST, Chief Researcher, Doctor of Medical Sciences

Massoud Mirshahi – France, Paris

Professor, Ph.D., М.D., Academician NAST

For more information:

• The UNESCO Courier, October 1980

• The Book of Science (Daneshnameh), AVICENNE, Translated by M. Achena and H. Massé, UNESCO collection, Publishing Company "Les belles lettres" Paris, 1986

• Al Shifa (the book of healing the soul), AVICENNE, (vol. I and II) Translated by: G.C. ANAWATI, Ed. Librairie Philosophique J. Varin, Paris, 1978.

• AVICENNE and the visionary story, Henry Corbin, Ed. Berg International, Paris, 1979.

• Абуали ибни Сино. Алвохия. Избранные произведения, Т.2, Душанбе: Ирфон, 1980. – С. 317-395 (на таджикском языке).

• Абу Али ибн Сина. Сочинения Т. пятый «аш-Шифа» - "Исцеление". Душанбе: Дониш, 2010 - С. 41-700.

•Абу Али ибн Сина (Авиценна). Сочинения. Том первый. «Донишнаме» (Книга Знания). Душанбе: Дониш, 2005 - С. 221-577.

• Абу Али ибн Сина. Книга спасения. Сочинения, том III. Душанбе: Дониш, 2010. – С. 30-600.

• Абу Али ибн Сина. Сочинения. Том четвёртый. Философские, естественно научные и медицинские трактаты. Душанбе: Дониш, 2008. – 1002 С.

•Нуралиев Ю.Н. Медицина эпохи Саманидов. Душанбе: Деваштич, - 2003. – 197 С.

• Нуралиев Ю.Н. Медицинская система Ибн Сины (Авиценны). Душанбе, РТ: Дониш; 2005. - 300 С.

(ARMY DAY)

The 23 of February is celebrated as the Men’s Day in Tajikistan. This Holiday is also known as the Army Day and Defenders of Fatherland Day.

If we were to briefly describe what February 23 means for people in the former Soviet Union, we would say: it’s the men’s equivalent of International Women’s Day. Only, unlike March 8, which has been adopted from the West, February 23 is an entirely Soviet Union invention.

Over many years, the date has repeatedly changed in significance and, in the end, it has evolved into one of the two gender-based holidays (the other one, as you can guess, is International Women’s Day). In the same way as March 8 is associated for a vast majority of people in Tajikistan with flowers, candy and gift vouchers from a cosmetics store rather than the struggle for equality, in the popular imagination, February 23 goes hand in hand with little cute presents like socks and shaving cream.

On this day women congratulate men and present them with gifts. The day is usually a public holiday with all the general population, schools and businesses are closed. This year it falls on a Sunday with some businesses may choose to follow Sunday opening hours.

Army Day

The celebration of the 23 of February is also the celebration of Army Day. Tajikistan army was established on December 18, 1992 the Decision of the Board of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan “On the Establishment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan” and the decision on the immediate leadership, centralized management and mobilization of the armed forces of military structures in order to stabilize the political situation as soon as possible and ensure national security and the protection of rights and freedoms of citizens was adopted, the leadership of which was entrusted to the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan[1].

What Do People Do?

Many people observe February 23 as Men’s Day because military service is obligatory for most men in Tajikistan. Women often give presents and postcards to their masculine relatives, including those who never served in the military. On a workday before or after the holiday, many women also congratulate their male colleagues, and schoolboys may receive small presents from their feminine classmates.

Public Life

Defender of the Fatherland Day is also celebrated throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States. Most schools, banks, and official buildings are closed on this day. Public transport services may vary in cities that hold a parade. In Tajikistan there is a parade of the Armed Forces that sometimes takes place. The

Tajikistan authorities may organize local parades to honor the military and veterans on this day. It is becoming more common for women who serve in the military to be honored on this day, and this challenges the traditionally masculine aspect of the holiday.

Generally, the army day is celebrated in a warm and family atmosphere with many army veterans celebrating the holiday in the restaurants and parks.

Ozod Sadulloev - researcher of the Department of USA and Canada, Institute for the Study of Asian and European Countries, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

References

1.The National Army is one of the most important pillars of the government

https://physical.tnu.tj/.../the-national-army-is-one-of.../

The issue of ethnicity of the scholars, like Abu Ali ibn Sina’s was not particularly popular among the Muslim society before the period of modernism, it was religious affiliation in this society more important, that’s why people were identified themself primarily just as Muslims; Since the ethnic and racial identity was not essential at that period. That was the reason at this time all Muslims and all civilized inhabitants of the world can be proud of the legacy of such great personalities. The question of ethnic and national affiliation arose on the "initiative" of European states; under the influence of the ethno-nationalistic views they spread, as well as a result of their support for projects regarding national and ethnocentric states, the goal of which was colonial domination (based on the principle of "divide and rule") and strengthening their position in the countries of Asia and Africa. This effected on and led to the state policy Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as well, also the aspirations of the Turkic nationalists. Without any scientific justification and mainly on the basis of nationalistic motives, subordinated to this goal, mainly incited by the West at the beginning of the 20th century, they actively sought to attribute many famous personalities from among Muslim scientists and writers to the Turkic ethnic group.

It is strange that, despite the fact that the ethnicity of Ibn Sina and many other prominent scholars of the Middle Ages has been precisely established by reliable and indisputable research, as well as by scientists who treat this issue dispassionately and realistically, some representatives of the "scientific thought" of the Turkic-speaking countries stubbornly strive to attribute him to their people, without having any real scientific or historical basis for this. More stranger is the situation, characterized by the fact that the ethnicity of this scholar is attributed to themselves even by the peoples who came to the territory of Maverannahr and Khorasan several centuries after his death.

As noted, the ethnic, specifically Iranian (Tajik) origin of Avicenna has been reliably sources, Avicenna’s books, in his autobiography, his followers and proven by modern authoritative orientalist researchers such as S.E. Bosworth, A.J. Arbery, Henri Corbin and many other world-renowned scholars. The list of works with specific arguments in favor of the Iranian-Tajik origin of Avicenna is huge and their summary is contained, even if someone with lack of deep knowledge can find it mass media, in Wikipedia (in Russian and English). In this direction, irrefutable arguments were also specifically presented by the major Tajik scholars, Muhammad Asimi, and Academician Dinorshoev M.D.

Based just on the research of the above-mentioned scientists and directly taking into account the statements of Ibn Sina himself, one can cite many arguments that testify to the Iranian (Tajik) origin of the thinker. For the sake of specificity, we consider it necessary to list several facts, each of which serves as a convincing argument in favor of the fact that Ibn Sina was an ethnic Iranian Tajik and was brought up in the favorable environment of Persian-Tajik culture.

1 - It is reliably known that Ibn Sina knew only two languages, namely his native language, which was Persian Tajik and his academic language, the Arabic. Thus, in his book "Isharat wa tanbihat" ("Instructions and Advice") he writes: "However, in the languages ​​that we speak (italics ours - M.M.), there is no universal negation in the form in which we have described it, and in order to limit universal negative judgments (in the field of logic - M.M.), words are used that express additional meanings corresponding to the expression of this kind of absoluteness. In Arabic, for example, they say: "La shay'un min J - B" ("Not a single J is B"), and by this they want to say that not a single thing inherent in J is inherent in B. In literary Persian they also say: "Hedj J B nest" ("Not a single J is B"). The use of such an expression means that it contains necessary things and represents one of the varieties of absoluteness, the condition of which is the subject".

In the books of Ibn Sina, devoted to the solution of various questions of logic, many other similar examples are given exclusively from Persian and Arabic. It was in these two languages ​​that he wrote his works devoted to various branches of science. And in particular, in these languages ​​his works were composed, through which he made a huge contribution to the development of philosophical and medical sciences.

Consequently, by Avicenna's own admission, he knows only two languages ​​- his native language - Persian (Tajik) and Arabic. And other languages ​​(in particular, Turkic) are unknown to him!!! And after such a clear admission by the thinker himself, can he be listed among the people of Turkic origin or at least among the experts of Turkic dialects?

Moreover, in none of Ibn Sina’s works is there the slightest hint of any connections (including ethnic and linguistic!) with the Turks, while many of his works, in particular his encyclopedic work “Danishname” (“Book of Knowledge”) were written in his native Persian language.

2 - Ibn Sina's father, Abdullah, by the thinker's own admission, was from Balkh and was a follower of the Ismaili (Batini) teaching. Fearing persecution from the ruler of Balkh, a descendant of Turkic slaves, Sultan Mahmud (998 - 1030), who came to power, he moved to Bukhara during the reign of the Samanid emir Nuh ibn Mansur (976 - 997). And Ibn Sina's mother, Sitara-Banu (a name that spoke of her Tajik origin, since the word "Banu" (a highly respected and noble woman) was added to the names of aristocrats of purely Iranian (Tajik) origin), was from the village of Afshana, where the thinker's family lived and where he himself was born.

By the way, even today, a thousand years after the era of Avicenna, the inhabitants of the village of Afshana still continue to speak Tajik. And the toponym "Afshana" comes from the Avestan word (close to Sanskrit) apAsana - "the extreme land", which has nothing in common with the Turkic dialects, which has been deformed over many centuries.

And the followers of the Ismaili school of Islam, to which belonged representatives of the autochthonous Iranian (Tajik) population of Khorasan, were distinguished by their hostile attitude towards the alien Turkic rulers who threatened the foundations of their national independence. This is confirmed, for example, by the words of Nasir Khusraw (1004 - 1088), a prominent Tajik poet and philosopher, one of the Ismaili preachers, a contemporary of Ibn Sina, who also came from Balkh. Thus, Nasir Khusraw said:

The Turks in front of their men in Khorasan used to be humiliated like women in palaces.

Isn't it shameful for men, noble by birth, to selfishly bend their backs, worshiping the Turks? And as Nasir Khusraw said: «Should I humiliate myself like you, O ignoramus, In the hope of filling my food sack? The nomadic Turks were my servants, How can I be a Turkic servant?».

Therefore, Ibn Sina's father, being a Tajik Ismaili, and not wanting to serve a Turk and a slave by origin, Sultan Mahmud, moved to Bukhara, where the Tajik royal dynasty of the Samanids directly ruled, and entered government service. History does not know of a single Turk who was a follower of Ismailism in that era or even several centuries later.

3 - Now let us cite another quote from the book "Ilahiyat" ("Metaphysics") - the final part of "Kitab ush-shifa`" ("Book of Healing") by Ibn Sina, in which his attitude towards the Turks is clearly revealed. He writes: "... Those people who are far from mastering virtue, like the Turks and Negroes, should be slaves (servants) by nature." At first glance, such a statement from Ibn Sina, with his inherent humanistic and cultural characteristics, sounds strange. Nevertheless, here the thinker expresses an opinion common in his era, and this statement of his clearly indicates that attributing Turkic origins to him is a ridiculous and absolutely groundless undertaking.

4 - That is, based on the arguments drawn from the works of Avicenna himself, the conclusion about the Tajik origin of his parents is clearly suggested. After all, it is logically and morally impossible for his mother and father to be Turks, and their own son Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn Sina, allegedly brought up in the spirit of Turkic culture, considered them "far from virtue" and people who "by nature should be slaves." Such a statement would be an expression of unforgivable cynicism and a violation of high moral principles in relation to his own parents.

5 - The fact that Ibn Sina's father, Abdallah, belonged to a noble Iranian (Tajik) family is also evidenced by his family name - "Sina". This word goes back to the Avestan Saena ("falcon"), a symbol of fravashi, a good spirit, including everything that was and everything that will be, as well as the army of Ahura Mazda. Thus, in the Avesta (Farvardin Yasht, 97) it is said: "I praise the fravashi of the righteous Saena - the son of Akhush Stut, who appeared first on this earth with his hundred followers." This family name was widespread among noble Iranian families. Thus, the famous German linguist Just in his book "Iranian Names" mentions twenty-two noble Iranian dignitaries who bore the name Caena - Sina. According to this researcher, this family name was borne exclusively by Iranian (Tajik) noble families.

6 - The fact that the inhabitants of Bukhara were ethnic Tajiks and spoke Farsi (while many of the surrounding residents spoke another Iranian language, namely Sogdian) is evidenced by many medieval historians, in particular the author of a unique and encyclopedic work on the history of Bukhara, Muhammad an-Narshahi (899 - 959). He writes: “Qutayba bin Muslim built a cathedral mosque in Bukhara in the year 94 Hijri (713). He ordered the people of Bukhara to gather there every Friday. In the early days of Islam, the people of Bukhara read the Quran in Parsi (Farsi) and could not learn Arabic. When [during prayer] it was time to perform ruku’ (prostration - M.M.), there was a man who stood behind the worshipers and said (in Farsi - M.M.), “biknita niknit” (bow down, bow down), and when it was time to perform sajdah (bowing down) he would shout: nikuniyya nikuni (bow down, bow down).”

Irrefutable arguments in favor of the Tajik origin of Ibn Sina's parents are also the notes of famous medieval Arab geographers and travelers of the 9th - 10th centuries, such as Istakhri, Ibn Hawqal and Makdisi. These authors testify that the population of the vast territory of Khorasan and Mawarennahr speaks exclusively Iranian languages. In the cities, people communicate in Farsi (Dari, Tajik), and in the villages, the Sogdian dialect of Iranian languages ​​is also widely spoken.

These authors do not contain any references whatsoever to the existence and circulation of Turkic dialects here. For the nomadic Turkic tribes of that period mainly lived north of the Yaxartes River (Syr Darya), and in the oases and cities of Maverannahr and Khorasan they were encountered mainly as hired warriors or slaves. In other words, Khorasan and Maverannahr in that period and even after the fall of the Samanids up until the Mongol invasion were truly areas of purely Tajik culture, and the presence of the Turkic component in this territory was insignificant and did not manifest itself at all in the area of ​​cultural and scientific creation.

7 - Ibn Sina, with his extensive and thorough knowledge in all areas of scientific thought of his era, could have remained in the service of the Karakhanid Turks who had captured Bukhara or of Sultan Mahmud, a Persian speaking descendant of Turkic slaves who had won power in Khorasan (gaining it from Samanids), but, brought up in the spirit of Tajik (Iranian) culture, he preferred to leave for Khorezm, the population of which, according to the description of Abu Rayhan Biruni in his book "Asar al-bakiya" ("Monuments of Past Generations") "belongs to the flourishing tree of the Persian peoples." And after the threat of a Turkic invasion loomed over Khorezm, he preferred to serve various Iranian rulers of that era. And until the end of his days (unlike Biruni, who was forcibly drawn into the service of the Ghaznavids), he never once served the newly-minted Turkic rulers. For he, a pupil of ancient Iranian scientific traditions and the elegant environment of Tajik culture, was alien to the customs of the nomads (“far from virtue”) who poured from Dashti Kipchak into Mavarennahr and Khorasan, subjecting the indigenous population of the region to cruel persecution and robbery.

8 - Ibn Sina, both by origin and spiritually, is closely connected with the Tajik ethnic group and Tajik culture. He, like his contemporaries Abu Rayhan Biruni and Nasir Khusraw, made a huge contribution to the enrichment of such an important component of the Tajik (Persian) language as its scientific terminology. On this basis, in the following centuries, prominent scientific works were written in this language (in particular, the works of Nasir ad-din Tusi, Jalal ad-din Rumi, Abd ar-Rahman Jaami, etc.), which served as a reliable basis for the development of world scientific thought. In addition, he is considered the founder of the genre of philosophical rubai (in Persian), which reached its peak in the works of Omar Khaym and other classics of Persian-Tajik literature.

These and many other arguments serve as an irrefutable argument in favor of the fact that Ibn Sina had no relation to the Turkic ethnic groups, was not familiar with their language, and therefore, he did not write a single work in these languages. Therefore, it is strange to observe someone who persistently, without any basis and stubbornly calls him a Turk. It is known that such attempts have nothing to do with reality and are subordinated to political and geopolitical goals. S.E. Bosworth and other world-famous scientists see the reason for the "Turkification" of the entire Islamic and Persian cultural and scientific heritage over the past centuries in the spread of a nationalistic wave under the influence of targeted Western projects, which are based on the excessive idealization of ethnic characteristics. Some newly formed national states claimed an exclusive historical ethnic identity, while their role in the history of Muslim countries was mainly limited to invasions and robberies, and in the development of the scientific cultural heritage of these countries they had a negative rather than a positive influence. The pan-Turkic movement, which arose mainly under the influence of Western political projects, belongs first and foremost to this type of nationalist wave.

This explains the aspirations of a certain part of unprepared, ambitious and superficially thinking "scientists" from the Turkic-speaking "scientific circles" (of which, unfortunately, there have been many in recent decades!) to attribute to their people such Persian-Tajik scientists as Abu Ali Ibn Sina, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Jalal-ad-Din Rumi, Nasir ad-Din Tusi and many others. In doing so, they, succumbing to the influence of their Western "puppeteers", with their unfounded "arguments" that are far from scientific and historical reality, deceive their own people; and even themselves (apparently with pleasure) succumb to such flattering deception.

We greatly respect Turkic people, living with us for the centuries; nomadic civilization is specific and rich civilization. Nevertheless we identify ourselves as different people, with different origin. Tajiks are not ancient Uzbek, their language is also not “old Uzbek” (as our neighboring nation wrongly understands!), Tajiks are strong, well-spread nation, and they are consisting of half of neighboring countries, such as Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, and they live in north of Pakistan and west of China as well.

So, subordinating ourselves in Central Asia, former Khorasan and Mavarannahr (ancient Eastern Iran), especially the Soghdians, Bakhtrians, Khwarasmians etc. (people with Iranian origin) to the people with Altaic origin, the Turkic nomads only, who came to this region relatively later on from Altay, Dasht-i Kipchak and Siberia was considered a sign of ignorance for the Khorasani Iranian Tajiks, who were at that time by their believe Ismailis, one of whom was Ibn Sina's father.

Of course, we understand that such great personalities as Ibn Sina belong to all of humanity, the contributed to the world civilizations. But all we need to understand is that we are as a Tajik rightfully proud of having given the world such great personalities as Firdausi, Ibn Sina, Biruni, Nasir Khusraw, Omar Khayyam, Nasir ad-Din Tusi, Jalal ad-Din Rumi and many other bright lights of science and literature. We should be proud, and we are proud, that others strive (albeit groundlessly and unsuccessfully) to attribute our scientific authorities of the past to their people and are proud of them. But historical justice demands that the authority of these world-famous sons of our people should not become the subject of cheap nationalistic speculation, but serve the fraternal union and unity of all peoples, as they themselves desired.

Dr.Muhammadsalam Makhshulov - Leading Researcher at the Avicenna Studies Center of the IPPJ named after A. Bagouddinov of the NAST.

On December 28, 2024, the next Message of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, was presented on the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the Republic of Tajikistan.

The Leader of the Nation, Emomali Rahmon, in the field of environmental protection, emphasized the impact of climate change on the planet, noting the following: “Our country, in continuation of its constructive initiatives in the international arena to promote water and climate issues, will host the first International High-Level Conference on Glacier Protection in 2025 in cooperation with the United Nations. We must continue cooperation in the field of water and glacier protection, take into account the consequences of climate change and reduce the risk of natural disasters within the framework of existing capabilities, take the necessary measures to strengthen international cooperation within the framework of the “Dushanbe Water Process”.

In strengthening, according to the words of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - the Leader of the Nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Honorable Emomali Rahmon, we, the employees of the hydrometeorological sphere, need to act at a high level with double responsibility to implement the policy pursued by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. We must make every effort to implement the initiative of the Leader of the Nation, which were presented in this year's Address, to make our native country prosperous and beautiful.

The development of the society, a peaceful life and the hopes and dreams of every citizen can be realized only if there is peace and stability and national unity. As the Founder of peace and national unity - Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, in his speeches constantly emphasizes that: "The aspect of protecting the security of the state, stability and peace of the society, further strengthening of independence, freedom, national unity and ensuring the progress and prosperity of the independent Tajikistan", correct understanding of national and state interests, honor and pride of patriotism is very important. In other words, a high sense of nationalism and pride in being a citizen of Tajikistan as a key factor in uniting society should play an effective role in the mind and consciousness of every person."

The leadership and staff of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan watched the Message of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan to the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan on television in the meeting room of the service on 28.12.2024.

The message of the Leader of the Nation, which covered all spheres of the national economy, made a deep impression on the hearts and minds of every listener.

The management and staff of National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan draw a fresh soul from the message, in the light of which they are making efforts to implement their plans and tasks for the coming year.

Science and education have a central position in the policy of the Government of Tajikistan. During more than 30 years of state independence, more than 3,900 institutions of general education, including gymnasiums, lyceums and colleges, as well as universities and institutes, have been built. The number of institutions of higher professional education has increased from 13 to 47, and the number of students has increased from 65 thousand to more than 220 thousand. This development shows that the nation attaches special importance to science and education and considers it as the main way of social and economic progress.

One of the important aspects of the state policy is the involvement of young people in science and invention. The Founder of peace and national unity- Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, has established many awards and scholarships for schoolchildren and students, which encourage young people to study and research.

It should be said that the experience and peace formula of Tajiks has been studied in various countries of the world, especially countries where internal conflicts are going on. Peace of Tajiks is considered as an example in international conferences. Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, in his speech in honor of the National Unity Day, emphasized that: "The people of Tajikistan have clearly realized that only in the atmosphere of national peace and unity and through patriotic efforts, their newly independent state can be transformed into a prosperous and developed country. and left a truly developed and civilized country for future generations.

One of the other important steps is the establishment of the republican competition "Science - the power of knowledge", which is organized in Tajikistan in order to attract more teenagers and young people to the study of exact and natural sciences. This competition, held under the auspices of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, contributes to the development of scientific thinking, the expansion of the technical outlook, and the formation of innovative and inventive skills. Participants in this competition can demonstrate their knowledge and skills in various scientific fields and enjoy their achievements. The competition also contributes to the expansion of scientific thinking and technology in society, and provides suitable conditions for the development of the young generation of scientists.

Despite significant successes, science in Tajikistan faces a number of problems. One of the main tasks is to attract young scientists to research activities, also Leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, in his speech pointed starting from the kindergarten’s young generation and all other specialists of different spheres, they should learn English and Russian languages.

The shortage of specialists in such fields as seismology, energy, molecular biology, genetics and biotechnology requires urgent measures to train and attract them. In this process, revision and development of educational and research programs should be a national priority.

The President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, pointed regarding financial services and for the increasing accessibility to credit for businesses and citizens. To enhance the quality of education and vocational training, to equip the youth with necessary skills, also strengthening cooperation with international organizations and neighboring countries. Leader of the Nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, during of his speech, pointed for active participation in global efforts to address climate change, including the preservation of glaciers, measures to enhance national security and defense capabilities in response to regional and global challenges.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz-doctor of philology, professor Head of Foreign Language Department of NAST

The initiatives of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon in the field of water and climate proved to the world that water plays an effective role in relations between countries.

On March 22-24, 2023, the United Nations Conference on the Comprehensive Review of the Mid-Term Goals of the International Decade of Action "Water for Sustainable Development", 2018-2028, was held in New York, United States of America.

The next visit of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon, was different from his other visits to the headquarters of the most influential organization in the world - the UN, in that it was on two important human dates. - Navruz International Day and World Water Day have coincided. These two phenomena, which should be called the source of human life, are interconnected and inextricably linked. Along with soil, wind and fire, water is one of the four eternal elements, the greatest miracle and the most precious wealth of the Earth, and the existence of life in the biosphere depends on its existence.

This conference can be considered a great historic gathering of world countries, because the first UN Conference on water issues was held in Argentina. So, after almost half a century (46 years), the second UN Conference was held under the title of the mid-term Comprehensive Review of the goals of the International Decade of Action "Water for Sustainable Development", 2018-2028. Official delegations of UN member countries, including 110 delegations led by ministers, leaders and representatives of more than 100 regional and international organizations, took part in its work.

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, King of the Netherlands Willem Alexander and President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon were appointed as the chairmen of the Conference. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, opened the conference and gave a speech. The leaders of the nation stated that Tajikistan has been leading water-related issues in the world development agenda for more than two decades. Due to the initiatives of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, the General Assembly of the United Nations has adopted nine resolutions on water issues, the implementation of which helps to prevent and solve water problems.

This is why water is the most sacred and precious resource of nature. The Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon, has given us the following task: “Water is the treasure of nature, protect it and cherish it”. At the initiative of our President HonorableEmomali Rahmon, the United Nations declared 2003 as the "Year of Fresh Water" and called the following years, 2005-2015, the International Decade of Action for “Water for Life”. 2018-2028 is the International Decade of Action "Water for Sustainable Development".

At the suggestion of the Head of our state, measures are being taken to ensure that drinking water is not wasted, and to protect it. Now the leaders of the countries are trying to leave this precious treasure of taste to the next generation of the Earth in its original form.

Water is also a source of healing for the sick. Abu'ali ibn Sina said that water preserves health. In terms of the number of healing springs, Tajikistan ranks first among other countries. Water is the source of life. All creatures on Earth need and benefit from water. As poet said:

It is water and life is permanent.

There is water, land, cultivation and work.

The product of the whole world.

It is because of the grace of the water.

In fact, the greenery of nature, gardens, roads, mountains and fields is made of water. We know that water is the main substance in living organisms. No creature can live without water.

From these words, I came to the conclusion that water is a gift of nature. It should be protected from waste and unnecessary savings. Let's not let a single drop of it go to waste.

Buriev Umed Rustamovich 2nd year master's degree in International Relations, Institute for Asian and European Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a new period began in the political and economic life of the former union republics, including Tajikistan. The former union republics became independent in 1991, and this led to each state adopting its flag as a symbol of statehood, sovereignty and state independence.

On November 24, 1992, the fateful 16th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan adopted the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan "On Approval of the Regulation on the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan". Our State Flag, along with the Constitution, the National Anthem and Emblem, is considered one of the main state symbols and sacred objects.

In the modern world, having a state flag is a sign of independence and one of the main symbols of statehood and national unity.

During the period of independence of the Republic of Tajikistan, the adoption of the State Flag gave new content to the political process of the Government of the country, the life and mentality of the people of Tajikistan. Today's society of the country has acquired great faith and confidence in the historical value and spiritual influence of the State Flag, which is considered a very important and valuable manifestation of the Tajik nation during the period of independence of the country.

Today, the State Flag is the main symbol of statehood, the embodiment of historical foundations, a rich and valuable national heritage, the expression of the goals and aspirations of the Tajik people, in fact, it reflects the high patriotism and pride of the people of Tajikistan.

The swaying of this sacred symbol in the space of independent Tajikistan is considered a holiday of freedom, unity and justice, which Tajiks formed as a civilized nation on the basis of such salutary and creative values. The swaying of the State Flag in front of government offices, enterprises and institutions, organizations and others is a sign of the existence of peaceful life in the country.

It should be noted that today the State Flag has become a very important factor in raising national feelings, self-awareness, and pride of patriotism of the citizens of independent Tajikistan. The State Flag of Tajikistan embodies the dreams and aspirations of the Tajik people, whose characteristics are expressed in its colours. Respect for the State Flag is a source of pride for the national statehood and the policy of the current Government of Tajikistan. The flag as a special symbol of independence, patriotism, sovereignty and a symbol of the existence of the nation deserves respect and veneration from every patriotic citizen.

According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan dated November 20, 2009, in order to respect and appreciate, as well as loyalty to one of the main state symbols - the flag of Tajikistan, the Day of the State Flag of the Republic of Tajikistan is celebrated every year on November 24.

Today, this sacred national symbol guides people, young and old, to moral work, construction and prosperity, strengthening the potential of the state and increasing its authority in the global platform. In this direction, a special role belongs to the youth of our country. With their achievements and successes in the field of science, culture and sports, they raise the flag of the Tajik state not only within the country, but also abroad at world-class events and championships.

It is especially worth noting that thanks to the state independence and the wise policy of the Leader of the Nation Emomali Rahmon, for the first time the State Flag of Tajikistan was raised before the United Nations and other influential international organizations and proclaimed the existence of the Tajik nation.

The State Flag of Tajikistan, which is fluttering at a height of 165 meters in the capital of our dear country - Dushanbe, has become a source of pride for every patriot of the country and a sightseeing for local people and guests from abroad. Undoubtedly, the raising of the world's highest State Flag with a complex of administrative and cultural buildings gave the city of Dushanbe a new beauty, and its place was named "Flag Square".

It should be recalled with pride and satisfaction that now the people of our country, especially our young and far-sighted generation, supported the constructive policy of the Government of the country and are well aware that respect for national symbols, including the State Flag, means pride for an independent state, paying tribute to the historical past of the Tajik nation. It carries our antiquity and selfless work for the sake of the prosperous future of our beloved Motherland. It is worth noting that the people of Tajikistan, with the support of the wise policy of the Founder of peace and national unity, the Leader of the Nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Honorable Emomali Rahmon, have achieved peace and tranquility, political stability and national unity under the national flag. We will continue to move forward under this sacred national symbol with the full support of the creative and constructive policy of the leader of the nation to further enhance the status and rank of the Tajik nation, protect and pay tribute to the precious culture and heritage of the civilized Tajik nation in a free, democratic, legal and secular society.

Therefore, we must constantly strive to elevate this sacred statesymbol on the world arena. The State Flag represents the Republic of Tajikistan. We are proud of our State Flag, and it will remain fluttering forever.

Salimov Akbar - Institute for Asian and European studies, National Academy of sciences of Tajikistan

President's Day in Tajikistan is a significant event celebrated each year on November 16.

Emomali Rahmon became president in 1994, and under his leadership, Tajikistan has made considerable progress in various areas, including political stability, economic development, and social reforms. His presidency has been marked by efforts to unite the diverse population of Tajikistan, which is home to various ethnic groups and cultures. President's Day is a time when citizens express gratitude for the stability that has been established and consider how they can contribute to the nation's future.

The celebrations on President's Day are filled with various events that showcase Tajikistan's rich cultural heritage. Local schools often organize cultural programs that highlight the history and traditions of Tajikistan. Students participate in these events by performing traditional dances, singing folk songs, and reciting poetry that reflects their national pride.

In addition to parades and performances, speeches play an essential role in the celebrations. Government officials and community leaders address the public, sharing messages of unity, progress, and the importance of working together for a better future. These speeches often emphasize the values of cooperation and resilience, reminding citizens of their shared responsibility in building a stronger nation.

Moreover, President's Day also serves as a reminder of the challenges that Tajikistan faces. While the country has made strides in various sectors, issues such as poverty, unemployment, and environmental concerns remain. Citizens are encouraged to think critically about these challenges and work collectively towards solutions. Through educational initiatives and community dialogues, the spirit of President's Day inspires individuals to act and contribute positively to their society.

The Republic of Tajikistan has achieved significant milestones in peace, stability, and national unity, due to the strong leadership and initiatives of the President his Excellency Emomali Rahmon. His dedication has been instrumental in establishing a new statehood and legal framework for the country, marking him as the Former of National Peace and Unity.

The Founder of peace and national unity- Leader of the nation his Excellency Emomali Rahmon’s constructive proposals, articulated in elegant Tajik language at international forums such as the United Nations, have resonated with Tajik globally, fostering a sense of pride and solidarity. His leadership has been pivotal in aligning the nation’s strategic goals with the aspirations of its people, reinforcing the importance of national laws and stability. Through these efforts, the foundation of peace and unity has been solidified, ensuring a cohesive and prosperous future for Tajikistan.

In the years when Tajikistan gained independence, the country turned to the foundations of its statehood, and first of all, to the conduct of foreign policy, which faced a completely different world politics. At the beginning of the formation of its independence, the republic was engulfed in an imposed civil war, and in these difficult conditions a balanced policy was formed, which was supposed to ensure the stability of the state and the cohesion of the nation, a firm political position of the country in the international arena. Fortunately, at this predetermining stage, thanks to the efforts of the country's leadership, Tajikistan became a full member of the international community, and today Tajikistan has been officially recognized by 180 countries of the world, and diplomatic relations have been established with 126 of them. The Republic of Tajikistan is an active member of 51 organizations, including international and regional, as well as international financial institutions. As a result of lengthy negotiations, an end was put to the civil war - after a five-year armed confrontation, the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan was signed, which is a unique national achievement since independence. Today, the experience of Tajiks in achieving peace is recognized by the world community, it is studied in schools.

Achievements of Tajikistan in cooperation with UNESCO on cultural heritage:

- in 2002, the capital of Tajikistan, the city of Dushanbe, became a laureate of the UNESCO City of Peace award;

- in 2003, the classical music of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan "Shashmakom" was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of mankind;

- in 2010, by the decision of the 34th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, one of the oldest settlements on the territory of Tajikistan - Sarazm was included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List;

- in 2013, by the decision of the 36th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, the National Park of Tajikistan - the Pamir Mountains was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List;

- in 2013 in Paris at the headquarters of UNESCO there was a presentation of the book "Architect of the World", dedicated to the valuable contribution of the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon to the establishment of lasting peace in the country;

- In 2013, UNESCO awarded the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon with the jubilee medal "60th Anniversary of UNESCO" for his continued commitment to the goals of strengthening lasting peace, promoting sustainable development, in particular through initiatives to develop cooperation in the water sector, international dialogue, the exchange of scientific achievements and accelerated implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals; - in 2013 in Paris, during the 37th session of the General Conference of UNESCO, the celebrations of the 3000th anniversary of Gissar, the 700th anniversary of Mir Said Ali Hamadoni (in cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran) and the 600 anniversary of Abdurahman Jami.

Tajikistan has agreements on cultural exchange with many countries of the world.

International cultural exchanges, days and seasons of culture make it possible to increase the Tajik cultural presence abroad through the implementation of large-scale long-term projects that make it possible to emphasize the special role of Tajikistan in the world cultural space. As part of this policy, the legal framework for interaction is being improved, large-scale projects are being implemented in the format of Weeks and Days of Tajik Culture, exchange festivals, exhibitions, concerts and other events that help to consolidate the information and cultural presence of Tajikistan in the world.

Saidzoda Halim Aziz- Doctor of philology, professor Head of the Department of Foreign languages of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan,

Gulbarg Dodikhudoeva B - the teacher of the Department of Foreign languages of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan

The Founder of Peace and National Unity – Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan introduced into the science of international relations such a new concept as “water diplomacy”, which accumulates all subsequent initiatives and ideas regarding the use of water resources in the world. All global initiatives of Tajikistan, such as the International Decade of Action “Water for Life, 2005-2015”, the International Year of Clean Water (2003), the International Year of Water Cooperation (2013) and the International Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028”, made a significant contribution to the field of international relations. “All these initiatives pursued only one goal – the creation of a universal and multifunctional platform for discussing and finding optimal and rational ways to solve problems and challenges related to water resources.

The authors of all these global water initiatives are the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon, who, with his constructive ideas in the field of international water use, has increased the international image of not only Tajikistan, but also the entire Central Asia. As Emomali Rahmon noted: “Water plays a vital role in the development of humanity. From time immemorial, people have settled near water sources that bring life and prosperity. Indeed, water is the source of life, and humanity has always praised and celebrated it as a sacred resource. In the current context of rapid population growth, economic development and the impact of other challenges that create additional stress on natural resources, the value of water will increase many times over.” Therefore, the formation of a constructive water dialogue and the development of water diplomacy can create conditions for long-term partnerships between countries in water use and prevent future water conflicts.”

Tajikistan, led by Emomali Rahmon, confidently demonstrating political leadership and at the same time its responsibility, is creating conditions for further consolidation of the efforts of all stakeholders, especially world political leaders, in adopting and implementing measures aimed at ensuring sustainable management and use of water resources. The International Group of Friends on Water, initiated by Tajikistan, today unites about 50 member countries and makes a positive contribution to the discussion of water problems and the adoption of relevant decisions within the UN and other international organizations. Thanks to the special merit of Emomali Rahmon, Tajikistan is positioning itself today as an important global player in solving water problems at the global and regional levels.

Over the years of independence, Tajikistan, led by the Leader of the Nation Emomali Rahmon, has contributed to the fair and fraternal distribution of water resources to all its neighbors, since about 60% of the water reserves of Central Asia have been accumulated in our country. Feeling its global responsibility for the fate of the Central Asian region, Tajikistan co-founded the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea and its two commissions – ICWC and ICSD, which provide a platform for discussing the most important transboundary water issues in the region.

Based on the above, I can declare with great responsibility that the water initiatives proposed by our President and their support at the international level have increased not only the image of Tajikistan, but also its Leader, Emomali Rahmon, in the eyes of the world community. These initiatives will have a positive impact on further cooperation and implementation of water diplomacy in the world.

Also Read: Status of Dushanbe Water Process in Regional, Global Integration

The President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon today is a generally recognized and influential world political Leader who is able not only to determine the agenda of international politics, but also to solve pressing global issues. The same opinion is shared by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, who visited our country in 2017 and was impressed by the water potential of Tajikistan. He highly appreciated the global initiatives of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon. At the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly in connection with the beginning of the International Decade for Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028”, the first, as the main initiator of the adoption of the new International Decade, was the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon, who officially opened the new water decade. He launched the implementation of another initiative of Tajikistan throughout the planet.

It is also important to note that on June 20-22, 2018, the High-Level International Conference on the International Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028” will be organized in Dushanbe. I think that thanks to the global initiatives of President Emomali Rahmon, many international projects will be implemented in the near future aimed at improving people’s access to water, especially in densely populated countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

In December 2022, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted at its 77th session the resolution “2025 – International Year of Glacier Conservation”, put forward by the Republic of Tajikistan.

The next initiative of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, respected Emomali Rahmon, was supported by 153 member states of this organization. The adoption of such an important and useful resolution for the modern world community has become a source of pride for all Tajiks of the world.

Based on this resolution, March 21 was declared the International Day for the Preservation of Glaciers, and 2025 – the International Year for the Preservation of Glaciers, and also ratified the decision at the UN to create an International Trust Fund for Contribution to the Preservation of Glaciers and to hold an International Conference on the Preservation of Glaciers in the city in 2025 Dushanbe. This initiative of the Leader of the Nation is truly of great importance for humanity and our planet, since it is aimed at preserving nature and water resources, the life of humanity on our planet as a whole.

Also Read: Tajik President Emomali’s Key Water Initiatives

The role of glaciers in the evolution of the Earth and humanity is very significant. The development of the geographical environment of the globe is determined by the balance of heat and humidity, which strongly depends on the process of formation and change of glaciers.

Glaciers influence the Earth’s climate when air temperatures drop and precipitation increases. Therefore, it is necessary that humanity prevent the melting of glaciers. If glaciers melt, the average annual temperature of the Earth may increase and negatively affect human life. Moreover, glaciers are the main source of drinking water and constitute the only fresh water reserve on the planet. This reality is extremely important not only for the population of the Earth, but also for animals and plants. Glaciers create new rivers, without which it is impossible to develop crop production and provide humanity with food in the world.

In recent decades, the world has seen an increase in the average temperature balance. This phenomenon is due to the “greenhouse effect”, which is associated with air pollution. The end of all this is the melting of glaciers and a significant reduction in their area.

Today, glaciers around the world are rapidly shrinking. It is estimated that by 2100, half of the world’s mountain glaciers will disappear. About 1.5-2 billion people living in different countries in Asia, Europe and America are experiencing difficulties with water shortages, and rivers coming from glaciers are drying up. At the same time, the level of seas and oceans is rising, and lands near the coasts are being flooded. And this catastrophic phenomenon has a bad effect on the development of crops and people’s lives. That is, the melting of glaciers brings humanity face to face with the growth of global environmental problems.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the world community’s attention to solving global environmental problems has increased significantly. This phenomenon arises due to the fact that humanity is beginning to understand the problem of reducing supplies of clean air and water. This is confirmed by authoritative international organizations. Research shows an alarming picture of the state of natural resources and their prospects.

One of the global threats to human life is the reduction of water resources. The problem of water use in the world is becoming an important factor affecting the economy and socialization, as well as ensuring regional and national security. The volume of water consumption has also increased following the increase in population on planet Earth. However, water resources are being reduced more and more.

“Worldwide water consumption, including in industry, has been growing rapidly over the past more than 100 years. According to the United Nations, about 700 million people in 43 countries around the world live in conditions of fresh water scarcity.

According to scientists, by 2025, up to 3 billion people will be left without drinking and household water unless emergency measures are taken. Around the period from 2035 to 2045, the volume of clean water consumed will be equal to its reserves. According to documents, only 2.5% of the available water in the earth is fresh and potable.

Lack of clean water can lead to serious social problems related to human health. According to the World Bank, 88% of diseases in the world are associated with poor drinking water quality and lack of water for purification.

Also Read: New Book on Xi’s Water Management Strategies

Human history is evidence that water shortages lead to armed conflicts between states. Over the past decade, similar conflicts have occurred in 46 countries with a population of 2.7 billion people, and there is a serious threat of political instability in 56 countries with a population of 1.2 billion people. Especially as the state of the environment deteriorates, the conflict between states in the regions of the Near and Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa will intensify.”

Limited water resources in river basins increase competition between countries. The likelihood of disagreements based on economic interests between neighboring states located at the sources and in the delta of rivers increases significantly. Under these conditions, the contradiction associated with water shortages takes on an international character, and the possible consequences of the struggle between states are very difficult to predict.

Today, the world community needs a modern policy regarding water and scientifically based ways and methods of solving its problems. In this context, water policy should be considered one of the main directions of government policy. It should be the main tool for ensuring the socio-economic development of the state and achieving national goals.

Today, an in-depth study of the issues of solving water problems, related fair policies in the Central Asian region, understanding its role and influence on modern geopolitical processes in the region are very relevant and important.

The purpose of presenting these points is to explain the content and essence of President Emomali on issues related to water and its effective and rational use, and their key goal, in our opinion, is to solve one of the main problems of humanity, that is, liberation from the water crisis.

In the era of globalization, the modern world is experiencing severe political, financial, economic, moral and cultural crises, and the turning point associated with clean water is one of the most important and complex of them.

As the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon noted during his speech at the opening ceremony of the Second High-Level International Conference on the International Decade of Action “Water for Sustainable Development, 2018 – 2028” in June 2022 in Dushanbe, Tajikistan has suffered hundreds of millions of dollars from global warming. According to the Head of State, climate change and its consequences cause enormous damage to the economy of the republic, since Tajikistan is a mountainous state with a large number of glaciers.

As a result of this process, there has been an unprecedented increase in floods, glacier collapses, droughts and other natural disasters. Over the past few decades, more than a thousand glaciers have melted in Tajikistan, and the largest glacier in the world on land, Fedchenko, located in our country, has shrunk by 16 cubic kilometers in volume and 45 square kilometers in area. In this regard, the Government of Tajikistan adopted the State Program for the Study and Conservation of Glaciers for the period until 2030. In order to monitor these processes and take measures to adapt them, the government of Tajikistan created the Center for the Study of Glaciers at the National Academy of Sciences. It is worth noting that the area of ​​glaciers makes up eight percent of the country’s territory.

Therefore, the next international initiative of the Leader of the Nation to preserve glaciers in the world is a logical continuation of initiatives related to the conservation of water resources in the world. At the initiative of the respected Emomali Rahmon, the United Nations declared 2003 the International Year of Freshwater, 2005-2015 the International Decade “Water for Life”, 2013 the International Year of Cooperation in the Field of Water, 2018-2028 the International Decade “Water for Sustainable Development”, whose goal is to improve water use and ensure equity in access to drinking water globally, including in Central Asia. Tajikistan’s international initiatives, supported by the UN and countries around the world, have helped solve water problems both globally and in individual countries.

In this regard, holding a constructive dialogue on the topic of water, developing water diplomacy, new initiatives related to water resources, such as the declaration of “2025 – the International Year of Glacier Protection”, can create conditions for long-term cooperation between countries in the field of water resources use and avoid conflicts related to this problem in the future.

This Resolution highlights the importance of glaciers to human development prospects and the serious impact of their rapid melting on climate, the environment, human health and sustainable development.

It should be noted that for the first time in 2009, at a meeting of the parties on climate change in Denmark, as well as at high-level meetings in France, Switzerland, America, and then in March 2021, during the first meeting of the leaders of the Water-Climate Coalition, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, dear Emomali Rakhmon emphasized that the rapid melting of glaciers, along with excessive water consumption, which is associated with population growth and economic development, has a disappointing outcome.

It was emphasized that the consequences of global warming and the reduction of glaciers, especially in mountainous areas, lead to tragic phenomena at the geopolitical, geocultural and geostrategic levels of the modern world.

That is why the new creative initiative of President Emomali Rahmon to declare “2025 the International Year of Glacier Preservation” and on March 21 of each year to celebrate the “International Glacier Preservation Day”, as well as the creation of a “Special International Glacier Preservation Fund” aimed at saving humanity, should be is fully supported and is the path to a bright future for the Earth and humanity.

In conclusion, let us recall that Tajikistan, led by the respected Emomali Rahmon, has established itself as a world-class political initiator and at the same time responsible, creating conditions for uniting the efforts of all stakeholders, especially political leaders of the world, in adopting and implementing measures to ensure sustainable governance water resources, glacier protection.

Thanks to world-class initiatives and the special merits of the respected Emomali Rahmon, today Tajikistan is known as the most important and key player in the world in solving global problems at the global and regional levels.

Professor Rustam Haidarzoda is the Director of the Institute for the Study of Problems of Asian and European Countries at the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.