The Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, His Excellency Emomali Rahmon, in the direction of improving the capital of the country and the entire Tajikistan. At the same time, the activities of the city's leadership over the past few years have also strengthened the necessary opportunities for planning and holding various scientific events for the development of the capital.

The city of Dushanbe today has a developing infrastructure, with new modern conference halls and hotels for their participants, which increasingly attracts organizers of international and national scientific events. Also, the continuous strengthening of the ability to connect to international communication networks and the development of air transport have made the city of Dushanbe a suitable venue for organizing scientific events that bring together scientists from different countries.

The development and progress of the city of Dushanbe and the efforts and efforts of the Mayor of Dushanbe, Rustam Emomali, and at the same time recalled the youth-oriented policy of the Founder of Peace and National Unity - Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, his Excellency Emomali Rahmon.

Today, under the creative leadership of the great Leader of the Nation, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, and with the constructive initiatives of the Mayor of Dushanbe, Honorable Rustam Emomali, the city of Dushanbe has completely changed its image and become a city of dreams. In general, the capital of Tajikistan - the city of Dushanbe is a mirror of the history and life of the Tajik nation and the Tajik state.

Dushanbe is the largest city in our republic, the center of science and culture - the capital of Tajikistan. This beautiful and charming city has its own history.

Dushanbe is the center of the Republic of Tajikistan, a city that connects hearts, a place of love and compassion, the home of great Tajiks. Dushanbe is a city that is a homeland for everyone from the smallest to the largest of this land.

The homeland where we were born and grew up. The homeland that we love like a caring mother. A land that is full of flowers, prosperity, beauty, and happiness.

Dushanbe is a great city that is a center of hope and aspiration for Tajiks as a great and famous nation. As we walk the streets of this great city, we involuntarily enjoy the beauty of its surroundings. When we meet a hospitable and cultured people with a high level of culture among their citizens, we involuntarily exclaim: Long live my favorite City Dushanbe.

Dushanbe is a place of wise men, honorable women, and happy and cheerful children. It is a place that captivates the heart and undoubtedly fascinates. Dushanbe is a beautiful and charming city and a place of hospitable, noble, proud and famous people.

Today, as residents of this great land, we need to praise it with all its greatness, because it is a great city that captivates hearts and minds. Dushanbe is a place that is full of flowers, famous and charming. Multi-storey buildings, spacious palaces and halls, large theaters and universities, administrative and cultural buildings, in addition to all this, being a political, cultural and economic center makes Dushanbe ten times more beautiful and famous.

Dushanbe is the pride of every honorable inhabitant of this beautiful land. When we read the praises of this heart-warming garden city in the works of this or that great writer, we can say that Dushanbe is ten times more worthy of these praises and more valuable than all the beauties of the world, more beautiful than all the beauties of the world, captivating the mind of the beholder.

Dushanbe is like a jewel in the hearts of Tajiks and Tajikistan is, shining with every glance. The old and young of this land of eternal spring, like moths, circle the only night light of this city of the heart. The doors of the grand hotels of Dushanbe, as a palace of hope and aspiration, are always open to guests, and its noble and noble children, with Aryan charm and cosmic beauty, give it a royal beauty.

Thanks to Dushanbe, that we are the inhabitants of this flower-filled place. Thanks to its cultured people, which are the pride of the great Tajik nation. The world-traveling children of this heart-opening garden city always praise their beloved country from far away, cherishing its clean air, flowers, and plants in their hearts.

With pride in all the praise, this heart-opening garden city and the place of high arts and noble men and women has become our homeland, and we, the true Tajiks, should worship every flower, plant, stone, water, and soil with all our heart and soul.

In general, it is fair to say that Dushanbe, as the great center of dear and independent Tajikistan, is in full bloom every day and every hour, and day after day it can be seen as prosperous, beautiful, comfortable and pleasant. Who is that great-hearted person who did not enjoy the weather and pleasantness of this eternal place? Who is that leader who did not support the great power of this land with its people of honor and dignity?

There is no person, no any Tajik who has not experienced the grandeur of this beautiful place.

There is not a moment when the fragrant aroma of the charming Dushanbe does not fill the heart with love and affection and the fragrant scent of the minds of its people.

Briefly about the history of Dushanbe city.

Dushanbe (from 1925 to 1929 - Dushanbe, from 1929 to 1961 - Stalinabad) is the capital of Tajikistan, a city of republican significance, the largest scientific, cultural, political, economic, artistic and administrative center of the country. The highest state institutions of the country are located in Dushanbe.

Dushanbe from 1925 to 1929, named Dushanbe. From 1929 to 1961 - Stalinabad is the capital of Tajikistan, a city of republican significance, the largest scientific, cultural, political, economic, artistic and administrative center of the country. The highest state institutions of the country are located in Dushanbe.

Since 1929, the capital of the Tajik SSR was called Stalinabad in honor of Joseph Stalin. In 1961, during the de-Stalinization period, the city was returned to its original name, and since 1991 it has been the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan, but with the correct spelling changed to Dushanbe.

Almost 40 percent of Tajikistan's industrial potential is concentrated in the city, and 12 percent of the country's population (as of July 1, 2023 — 1,228,400 people) lives in this city. Since January 12, 2017, Rustam Emomali has been the mayor of Dushanbe.

The place name "Dushanbe" was first mentioned in Mahmud ibn Vali's book "Bahr-ul-asror fi manaqibi-ul-akhyor" (compiled in 1636) and in the letter of the Khan of Balkh Subhankul Bahadur to the Tsar of Tsarist Russia Fyodor Alekseevich (December 1676). In a document from 1826, the city is called "Dushanbe-kurgan". "Kurgan" is a Turkic word meaning "fortress". The Dushanbe fortress was located on the left bank of the Varzob River, and a market was held near it every Monday. The current name of the capital of Tajikistan is a reminder of this market. Since this place was called "Dushanbe-bazar", a village that appeared over time in place of "Dushanbe-bazar" was named Dushanbe.

The present-day territory of Dushanbe existed approximately 2300-2400 years before this urban civilization. The evidence of this is the unique archaeological finds, the ruins of the city, the remains of a dimna, an arch and a fortress, a dakhma and burial grounds, and ancient coins that have been found in Dushanbe and its surrounding areas. Archaeologists divide the history of Dushanbe into three periods: the ancient period, the Middle Ages, and the modern (main) period.

Ancient period: Historical Dushanbe is located in the eastern part of the Hissar Valley, and according to archaeologists and historians, the historical settlement area of ​​the surrounding people was located in an oasis with a length of about 80 km and a width of up to 20-24 km. Dushanbe has a history of more than 2400 years, which, according to archaeological finds, belongs to the "Hissar culture". The Hissar culture is an ancient civilization of the Neolithic era, covering the end of the Stone Age in Central and Southern Tajikistan, which dates back to the 7th-2nd millennia BC.

Middle Ages. The territory of Dushanbe and the surrounding province were mentioned in the Middle Ages as the city and province of Shuman, as historical sources testify. The geographical treatise of an unknown author “Hududu-l-Alam” (982-983) describes this place as follows: “Shuman is a strong city, built on a hill, surrounded by a moat, and a fortress (fortress) is built on top of the hill, and in the middle of the fortress there is a large spring of water, from which saffron grows abundantly.” According to the information of geographers and historians of the 9th-10th centuries, Ibn Khurdadbih, Tabari, Istakhari, Ibn Havkal and Maqdisi, Shuman, Aharun, Chaghaniyan, Khatlon, Tirmiz, Vashgird and their districts were previously subordinate to Takhoristan, and later, during the Arab invasion, together with Khorasan and Transoxiana, they became subordinate to the Caliphate. According to historian G. Goibov in his book "History of Hisar Shodmon, Chaghaniyan and Dushanbe" (1999), the city and region of Shuman "extended in the south to Qubadiyan and Vakhsh, in the west to Aharun, in the north almost to the Anzob pass and in the east to Dushanbe, Kafarnihan, not far from which is the Shodmon Fortress. In particular, today's Dushanbe was also located in the territory of this kingdom." This idea was first expressed by the famous Russian orientalist V.V. Barthold (1869-1930) during his study of the "Geography of the Samanids". Throughout the Middle Ages, the people of the beys of Hisor, Boyan, and Dehnav, the merchants of Tirmiz, Samarkand, Khatlon, Vakh, Qubodi, Darvaz, Qarotegin, and Fayzobad organized markets every Monday in the areas of present-day Dushanbe, which led to the name Dushanbe, the current capital of Tajikistan.

XX century. In 1907, due to a devastating earthquake in Karatogu-Hissar, the Bek of Hissar - Shohimardonkul, moved with his family to Dushanbe and made Dushanbe the capital of the Bek's rule. The population of Dushanbe in 1920 was approximately 18-20 thousand people. During this period, the administrative government was controlled by the Bek of Hissar, to whom the Dushanbe estates were subordinate.

In September 1920, the Emir of Bukhara, Olim Khan, fled from the pursuit of the Soviet Red Army and settled in Dushanbe, and on March 5, 1921, Dushanbe crossed the Panj and took refuge in Afghanistan. At the end of September 1921, Ibrahimbek besieged Dushanbe with 4,000 of his supporters. In November of the same year, the former Turkish military leader Anvar Pasha arrived in Eastern Bukhara, united more than 10,000 people from the anti-Soviet forces of this principality around him, and on December 10, 1921, they besieged Dushanbe. The city was under siege until mid-February 1922. From January 2, 1922 to February 7, 1924, Dushanbe became the center of the Extraordinary Dictatorship Commission of the Executive Committee of the CPSU on the Affairs of Eastern Bukhara, which had unlimited civil and judicial rights. On June 14, 1922, as a result of extensive military operations, Dushanbe again passed into the hands of military units of the Red Army. In accordance with the mandate (mandate) No. 135, Mirzosaid Abdulloev was appointed the first chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Dushanbe region on August 21, 1922. People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin, relying on the opinion of Russian orientalists, proposed a new project, contrary to the existing ones, which was mentioned in history as the "Chicherin Project". According to this project, the Republic of Tajikistan was to be established as the largest republic in Central Asia, and the Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan was to be created within it, but this project was not accepted.

On June 17, 1929, the Bureau of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Uzbek Communist Party (Bolsheviks) considered the issue of “Comrade Stalin’s telegram on the separation of the Tajik SSR from the composition of Uzbekistan as a union republic.” At the same meeting, the Bureau decided to support the proposal of the Central Committee of the CPSU (Bolsheviks) and to establish the Tajik SSR as a separate union republic. On October 15, 1929, the Third Extraordinary All-Tajik Congress of Soviets began its work in Dushanbe, and on October 16, at a crowded meeting on the “Farmer’s House” square, in the presence of the congress delegates, the Declaration on the establishment of the Tajik SSR was adopted. In the same year, the city was renamed Stalinabad. The first general project for the construction of Dushanbe was adopted and approved in 1930.

The period of independence. Since the late 80s and early 90s of the 20th century, serious changes have taken place in Dushanbe and the entire country. On August 24, 1990, after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Tajikistan at the second session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan (twelfth convocation), Dushanbe was recognized as the capital of the state and the sole administrative center of the Tajik state. On September 9, 1991, an extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan of the XII convocation was held in Dushanbe, which adopted the Declaration of State Independence of Tajikistan. Dushanbe has been the capital of the independent state of Tajikistan since 1991. During the period of independence, with the construction of architectural and cultural complexes and palaces, wide paved avenues and streets, administrative and residential buildings, industrial enterprises, educational, scientific and literary institutions, Dushanbe became one of the most magnificent cities in the world. In Dushanbe, the activity of comprehensive schools in accordance with national educational programs expanded. New educational institutions - lyceums, gymnasiums and colleges were built. By the decision of UNESCO in August 2004, Dushanbe was awarded the first degree "City of Peace" Award in the Asia-Pacific region for 2002-03 for its great contribution to strengthening the foundations of peace, diversity and unity in everyday life.

The symbol of statehood and the spiritual world of Dushanbe is embodied in the architectural complex of National Unity and the Revival of Tajikistan with the monument to Ismail Somoni in Dusti Square, statues of Abuabdullah Rudaki, Abuali Ibn Sina, Abu-Qasim Firdawsi, Omar Khayyam, Sadriddin Aini, Bobojon Gafurov and others. In Dushanbe, diplomatic embassies of many foreign countries operate, including the Russian Federation, the USA, the People's Republic of China, Germany, France, India, Great Britain, Turkey, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Republics of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, a total of 22 embassies and consulates, 1 diplomatic mission based in Dushanbe, 14 specialized agencies of the UN and international organizations, and 6 international financial institutions (2017).

Dushanbe is the scientific, cultural, industrial, political and administrative center of the country and is governed by the local government of the city in accordance with the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On the Status of the Capital”. This law separates and regulates the relationship between the state authorities of the republic and the local government of Dushanbe, which represents the representative and executive power of the capital. The executive government of the city is responsible for managing the national economy, scientific and cultural institutions, and ensures the implementation of the decrees and orders of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, laws and resolutions of the Majlisi Oli, the Majlisi Namoyandagon of the city. Based on the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, the instructions of the President and the laws of the Republic of Tajikistan, the local government of the city issues orders and instructions. The executive power within the city is headed by the Mayor, who, according to the principle of one-man rule, represents the executive power within the city of Dushanbe and directs the representative power.

The city of Dushanbe has an emblem. The officially approved emblem of the city of Dushanbe is the official emblem.

List of used literatures

1. Historical essay // Encyclopedia of Dushanbe. – D.: SIEMT, 2016. – P. 24-37.-732 p.

2. Dushanbe // Dirham — Land. — D.: SIEMT, 2017. — (National Tajik Encyclopedia: [approx. 25 vol.] / editor-in-chief N. Amirshohi; 2011—2023, vol. 6).

3. Mamadnazarov H. Dushanbe — the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan // Our cities. D., 1975;

4. Yusupov Sh. To the history of pre-revolutionary Dushanbe (end of the XIX — beginning of the XX century). D., 1988;

5. Goibov G. History of the Shodmon, Chaghaniyon and Dushanbe. D., 1999;

6. Dushanbe on the path of history. D., 2005.

Information about the authors: Saidzoda Halim Aziz – Head of the Department of Foreign Languages under the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan Address: 734025, Republic of Tajikistan, sh. Dushanbe, Rudaki Avenue, 33. Tel: 93 555 22 54 and the 2nd year master degree students of Department of Foreign Languages of NAST Khushvakhtova D., Davlatkadamova L., Kurbanova M.